Barka da zuwa mabiyan gidan yanar gizon tikiti
A yau muna gabatar muku da mahimman jigogi na gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙa'idodin
CCNA
Da yardar Allah, mu fara
(((Asusun Hanyar Sadarwa))
VPN: cibiyar sadarwa mai zaman kanta
o Hanyar rufaffen batu don nuna giciye cibiyar sadarwar jama'a
VOIP: Muryar kan Intanet
o Bayar da sadarwar murya akan hanyar sadarwar IP
o sabis yana canza muryar ku zuwa siginar dijital wanda ke yawo akan intanet
SAM: Manajan Asusun Tsaro
o Database wanda ke ɗauke da asusun mai amfani da masu bayanin tsaro a rukunin aiki
LAN: Cibiyar Yankin Yanki
o Haɗa kwamfutoci biyu ko fiye da na'urorin da ke da alaƙa a cikin iyakantaccen yanki
MAN: Cibiyar Sadarwar Yanki
Ya fi LAN girma kuma ya fi WAN
WAN: Wide Area Network
o Anyi amfani da shi don haɗa LANs tare
MAC: Ikon shiga Media
o Mai alhakin magance kayan aiki
Sunan Domain:
Sunan gidan yanar gizo ne kawai na tsohon: www.tedata.net da ake kira Domain name.
Sunan yayi hidima:
o Sabar ce wacce ta ƙunshi fayilolin Yanki don yankin abokin ciniki wanda ya haɗa da mahimman bayanan yankin kamar (A & MX records).
Sabis na Hosting:
o Sabar ce wacce ta ƙunshi fayilolin FTP na yankin abokin ciniki kuma ana iya raba shi ko gano shi.
Sabar wasiku:
o Sabis ne wanda abokin ciniki yakamata ya kasance idan yana son ƙirƙirar E-wasiku ƙarƙashin yankinsa don tsohon. ([email kariya])
HTML: HypertextHarshen Alama
o Shine lambar mafi sauƙi don ƙirƙirar shafukan yanar gizo duk sabobin duk abin da rukunin yanar gizon yayi tare da aika bayanai zuwa mai bincike ta hanyar tsarin html
NAT: fassarar adireshin cibiyar sadarwa
o Shine fassarar adireshin Yarjejeniyar IntanetAdireshin IP) wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin hanyar sadarwa guda ɗaya zuwa adireshin IP daban da aka sani a cikin wata hanyar sadarwa, An sanya cibiyar sadarwa ɗaya cikin cibiyar sadarwa ta ciki ɗayan kuma a waje. Yawanci, kamfani yana yin taswirar adireshin cibiyar sadarwa na cikin gida zuwa ɗaya ko fiye na adiresoshin IP na duniya kuma yana buɗe adiresoshin IP na duniya akan fakiti mai shigowa cikin adireshin IP na gida. Wannan yana taimakawa tabbatar da tsaro tunda kowane buƙatun mai fita ko mai shigowa dole ne ya bi tsarin fassarar wanda shima yana ba da damar cancanta ko tabbatar da buƙatun ko daidaita shi zuwa buƙatun da suka gabata. NAT kuma tana adana adadin adiresoshin IP na duniya da kamfani ke buƙata kuma yana ba kamfanin damar amfani da adireshin IP guda ɗaya a cikin sadarwarsa da duniya.
Bambanci tsakanin rabin duplex da cikakken duplex
o Duplex
Hanyar modem ɗin musayar bayanai: rabin duplex ko cikakken duplex. Tare da watsa rabi -biyu, modem ɗaya kawai zai iya aika bayanai lokaci guda. Cikakken watsawar duplex yana ba da damar duka modem ɗin su aika bayanai lokaci guda.
o Rabin duplex
Yanayin yana ba da damar na'urorin sadarwar don aika bayanai hanya ɗaya a lokaci guda, yana nufin duka na'urorin sadarwar ba za su iya aika bayanai a lokaci guda ba. Yana kama da talkie, mutum ɗaya ne kawai zai iya magana lokaci guda.
o Cikakken duplex
Yana ba da damar na'urorin sadarwar biyu don aika bayanai a lokaci guda kuma yana haɓaka aikin cibiyar sadarwa. Yana kama yin kira ga abokin ku ta amfani da wayar tarho ko wayar salula, ku duka kuna iya magana da sauraro lokaci guda.
Bambanci tsakanin siginar analog da dijital.
o Alamar analog
Yi amfani da madaidaitan igiyoyin wutar lantarki da voltages don sake haifar da bayanan da ake watsawa. Tunda ana aika bayanai ta amfani da madaidaicin igiyar ruwa a cikin tsarin analog, yana da matukar wahala a cire amo da murɗaɗɗen igiyar ruwa yayin watsawa. Saboda wannan, siginar analog ba za ta iya yin watsa bayanai masu inganci ba.
o Alamar dijital
Yi amfani da kirtani na bayanan binary (0 da 1) don sake haifar da bayanan da ake watsawa. Hayaniya da hargitsi ba su da tasiri kaɗan, yana mai yiwuwa watsa bayanai masu inganci. Ingantaccen watsa bayanai na dijital na INS-Net a cikin sauri yana da fa'ida musamman don watsawa ta amfani da kwamfutoci tunda kwamfutoci da kansu suna amfani da siginar dijital don sarrafa bayanai.
Bambanci tsakanin Firewalls & wakili
o Firewall
Wani sashi na tsarin kwamfuta ko cibiyar sadarwa wanda ke kare tsarin ta hanyar hana samun dama mara izini akan intanet. Sabis na wakili shine nau'in Tacewar zaɓi.
o Aikin Wuta na Wuta
Firewall yana aiki ta hanyar bincika kowane fakiti na bayanan da aka aika tsakanin kwamfuta mai kariya da kwamfutoci a waje da cibiyar sadarwar gida. An toshe fakitoci waɗanda ba su cika wasu ƙa'idodi ba.
o Sauran Iri na Wuta
Yawancin firewalls shirye -shirye ne na software maimakon kwamfuta daban kamar uwar garken wakili. Shirin yana sa ido kan zirga -zirgar intanet na kwamfuta kuma yana ba da izini ko hana samun dama bisa ƙa'idodin da mai amfani ya kafa.
o Sabis na wakili
Sabis na wakili shine kwamfutar da ke zaune tsakanin cibiyar sadarwar gida da sauran intanet. Duk hanyar shiga cibiyar sadarwa dole ne ta wuce wannan uwar garken.
o Abubuwan Amfanoni
Saboda duk zirga -zirgar zuwa kwamfutoci masu kariya dole ne su bi ta hanyar sabar wakili, masu amfani da waje ba za su iya fallasa takamaiman adiresoshin cibiyar sadarwa na kwamfutoci a cikin cibiyar sadarwar gida ba, wanda ke ƙara ƙarin tsaro.
o Wahalolin wakili
Maigidan uwar garken wakili na iya ganin duk zirga -zirga tsakanin cibiyar sadarwa da intanet na waje, wanda zai iya iyakance sirrin masu amfani da ke cikin wakili. Hakanan, sabobin wakili suna buƙatar babban saiti don haka ba su da amfani ga kwamfutoci guda.
Siginar-zuwa-amo rabo
o (Sau da yawa a taƙaice SNR ko S/N) ma'auni ne don auna yawan siginar da aka lalata ta murya. An bayyana shi azaman rabo na ikon sigina zuwa ikon amo yana lalata siginar.
o Yawanci ana auna ma'aunin a decibels (dB).
o Menene: Yankin SNR da Haɗin Layi? .Yana taimakawa wajen sanin ingancin layi na?
da SNR
SNR yana nufin Sigina zuwa Rage Rage. Kawai sanya darajar siginar ta ƙimar Noise kuma kuna samun SNR. Kuna buƙatar babban SNR don haɗin haɗin gwiwa. Gabaɗaya, sigina mafi girma ga ragin amo zai haifar da ƙananan kurakurai.
• 6bB. ko ƙasa = Mara kyau kuma ba zai dandana aiki tare na layi da katsewa akai -akai
• 7dB-10dB. = Kyakkyawa amma baya barin ɗaki da yawa don bambance -bambancen yanayi.
• 11dB-20dB. = Yana da kyau tare da ƙananan ko babu matsalolin cire haɗin
• 20dB-28dB. = Madalla
• 29dB. ko sama = Fitacce
Lura cewa yawancin modem ɗin suna nuna ƙima azaman Yankin SNR kuma ba SNR mai tsabta ba.
Yankin SNR
zaku iya tunanin gefen SNR azaman ma'aunin ingancin sabis; yana bayyana ikon sabis ɗin don yin kuskuren aiki kyauta yayin fashewar amo.
Wannan ma'auni ne na bambanci tsakanin SNR na yanzu da SNR wanda ake buƙata don ci gaba da sabis mai aminci a saurin haɗin ku. Idan SNR ɗinku yana kusa da mafi ƙarancin SNR da ake buƙata, ƙila za ku iya fuskantar kuskuren haɗin kai, ko raguwa. Kuna buƙatar babban gefe don tabbatar da cewa fashewar kutse ba ya haifar da yankewa akai -akai.
Tare da watsa shirye -shiryen gargajiya, mafi girman SNR Margin, mafi kyau. Tare da MaxDSL ana samun saurin sauri azaman ciniki tare da abin da layinku zai iya dogara da shi. Target SNR Margin yana kusan 6dB. Idan an samar da hanyar sadarwar ku ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta LLU (Local Loop Unbundled), wannan maƙasudin SNR Margin na iya zama kamar 12dB.
Haɗin Layin
o Gabaɗaya, raguwa shine asarar sigina akan nesa. Abin takaici, asarar dB ba wai ta dogara ne kawai da nisa ba. Hakanan ya dogara da nau'in kebul da ma'auni (wanda zai iya bambanta kan tsawon kebul), lamba da wuri sauran wuraren haɗin kan kebul.
ku 20bB. Kuma a ƙasa = Fitacce
Ya da 20dB-30dB. = Madalla
Ya da 30dB-40dB. = Na gode sosai
Ya da 40dB-50dB. = Na gode
Ya da 50dB-60dB. = Mara kyau kuma yana iya fuskantar matsalolin haɗin kai
ku 60dB. Kuma sama = Mara kyau kuma zai fuskanci matsalolin haɗin kai
o Lalacewar layi kuma yana shafar saurin ku.
o 75 dB+: Ba a iyakancewa don watsawa
o 60-75 dB: max mafi sauri har zuwa 512kbps
o 43-60dB: max mafi sauri har zuwa 1Mbps
o 0-42dB: hanzarta zuwa 2Mbps+
o Da zaton cewa SNR ɗinku yayi ƙasa, zaku iya yin waɗannan don haɓaka SNR ɗinku sune masu zuwa:
Gano inda wayar tarho ke shiga cikin gidanka
Nemo shi duk hanyar komawa akwatin haɗin
Bincika ko kebul ɗin yana da siffa mai kyau - bai yi yawa sosai ba, babu walda, waya ba ta wuce ta kowane wayoyin lantarki ko kebul na tauraron dan adam da dai sauransu.
A akwatin mahada, duba haɗin. Shin ya lalace, oxide? Idan eh, lura da shi.
Bambanci tsakanin RJ11 & RJ45
ku RJ
Jack mai rijista shine daidaitaccen jiki cibiyar sadarwa cibiyar sadarwa- duka ƙirar jack da tsarin wayoyi - don haɗa hanyoyin sadarwa ko kayan aikin bayanai zuwa sabis ɗin da aka bayar dillalin musayar gida or mai ɗaukar dogon zango.
ku RJ11
Nau'in jakar da aka saba amfani da ita don haɗa wayoyin analog, modem da injin fax zuwa layin sadarwa.
ku RJ45
Shin daidaitaccen nau'in mai haɗawa don kebul na cibiyar sadarwa. RJ45 masu haɗin suna galibi ana gani da su Ethernetigiyoyi da cibiyoyin sadarwa.
Masu haɗin RJ45 suna da fil guda takwas waɗanda igiyar waya na kebul ɗin ke dubawa ta hanyar lantarki. Standard RJ-45 pinouts yana ayyana tsarin keɓaɓɓun wayoyin da ake buƙata lokacin haɗa masu haɗawa zuwa kebul.
Kebul na Ethernet - Zane mai lamba
o Sauƙaƙan zane-zane na nau'ikan kebul na UTP guda biyu kuma kalli yadda kwamitoci za su iya yin tsutsotsi daga cikin su. A nan ne zane -zane:
o Lura cewa an haɗa fil ɗin TX (mai watsawa) daidai da fil RX (mai karɓa), ƙari da ƙari da ragewa. Kuma cewa dole ne ku yi amfani da kebul na crossover don haɗa raka'a tare da musaya iri ɗaya. Idan kayi amfani da kebul na madaidaiciya, ɗayan raka'a biyu dole ne, a zahiri, yi aikin giciye.
o Ana amfani da ƙa'idodin lambar lambobi biyu: EIA/TIA 568A da EIA/TIA 568B. Ana yawan nuna lambobin tare da jacks RJ-45 kamar haka (ra'ayi yana daga gaban jacks):
o Idan muka yi amfani da lambar launi 568A kuma muka nuna duk wayoyi takwas, nunin namu yana kama da wannan:
o Lura cewa ba a amfani da fil 4, 5, 7, da 8 da kuma shuɗi da launin ruwan kasa iri ɗaya a kowane ma'auni. Sabanin abin da za ku iya karantawa a wani wuri, ba a amfani da waɗannan fil da wayoyi ko ana buƙatar aiwatar da dubarai na 100BASE-TX-kawai an ɓata su.
o Duk da haka, ainihin igiyoyin ba su da sauƙi a zahiri. A cikin zane -zanen, wayoyin lemu guda biyu ba su kusa. Blue blue yana juye-juye. Ƙarshen dama ya dace da jacks RJ-45 kuma ƙarshen hagu bai yi ba. Idan, alal misali, muna jujjuya gefen hagu na 568A "madaidaiciya" -thru na USB don dacewa da jakar 568A-sanya juzu'i 180 ° a cikin kebul gaba ɗaya daga ƙarshen zuwa ƙarshen-kuma murɗa tare kuma sake tsara nau'ikan da suka dace, muna samun tsutsotsi masu zuwa:
o Wannan yana ƙara nanatawa, ina fata, mahimmancin kalmar “karkatarwa” wajen yin kebul ɗin sadarwa wanda zai yi aiki. Ba za ku iya amfani da kebul na wayar tarho mara madaidaiciya ba don kebul na cibiyar sadarwa. Bugu da ƙari, dole ne ku yi amfani da wayoyi biyu masu lanƙwasa don haɗa saitin fil na watsawa zuwa fil ɗin mai karɓar su. Ba za ku iya amfani da waya daga ɗayan biyu ba kuma wata waya daga ɗayan daban.
o Ci gaba da kiyaye ƙa'idodin da ke sama, zamu iya sauƙaƙe zane don kebul na 568A madaidaiciya ta hanyar karkatar da wayoyi, ban da karkatar 180 ° a cikin kebul ɗin gaba ɗaya, da lanƙwasa ƙarshen zuwa sama. Hakanan, idan mukayi musayar kore da lemu a cikin zane na 568A za mu sami madaidaicin zane don kebul na 568B madaidaiciya. Idan muka ƙetare kore da ruwan lemu a cikin zane na 568A za mu isa ga madaidaicin zane don kebul na crossover. Duk uku an nuna su a ƙasa.
o Saurin watsawa don Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6 na USB na cibiyar sadarwa
Cat 5 da Cat 5e UTP igiyoyi na iya tallafawa 10/100/1000 Mbps Ethernet. Kodayake kebul na Cat 5 na iya tallafawa zuwa wani mataki a Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps), yana yin ƙasa da ƙima yayin yanayin canja wurin bayanai.
o Ana yin kebul na Cat 6 UTP wanda aka yi niyya akan Gigabit Ethernet kuma baya jituwa tare da 10/100 Mbps Ethernet. Yana yin mafi kyau sannan Cat 5 na USB tare da ƙimar watsawa mafi girma da ƙananan kuskuren watsawa. Idan kuna shirin samun cibiyar sadarwar Gigabit, nemi kebul na Cat 5e ko Cat 6 UTP.
o layinhantsakis:
Yarjejeniyar tana bayyana tsarin dokoki da sigina na yau da kullun da kwamfutoci akan hanyar sadarwa ke amfani da su don sadarwa.
Samfurin TCP/IP, ko babban tsarin yarjejeniya ta intanet
Yana bayyana tsarin jagororin ƙira na gaba ɗaya da aiwatar da takamaiman hanyoyin sadarwar don baiwa kwamfutoci damar sadarwa akan hanyar sadarwa
TCP/IP yana ba da ƙarshen ƙarshen haɗin haɗin da ke ƙayyade yadda ya kamata a yi bayani, watsawa, juya da karɓa a wurin da aka nufa
TCP: yarjejeniya ta sarrafa watsawa
Samar da isasshen isar da bayanai
UDP: yarjejeniya na bayanan mai amfani>
Yana ba da damar musayar datagram ba tare da yarda ba
IP: Yarjejeniyar Intanet
IP adireshin kwamfuta ko wata na’urar sadarwa a kan hanyar sadarwa ta amfani da IP ko TCP/IP. Misali, lambar “166.70.10.23” misali ce ta irin wannan adireshin. Waɗannan adiresoshin suna kama da adiresoshin da ake amfani da su a gidaje kuma suna taimakawa bayanai isa ga inda ya dace a kan hanyar sadarwa.
Akwai adiresoshin IP da yawa da aka yi amfani da su ko aka sanya su ta atomatik akan hanyar sadarwa. Misali:
166.70.10.0 0 shine adireshin cibiyar sadarwar da aka sanya ta atomatik.
166.70.10.1 1 shine adireshin da aka saba amfani dashi azaman ƙofa.
166.70.10.2 2 kuma adireshin da aka saba amfani dashi don ƙofa.
166.70.10.255 255 an sanya shi ta atomatik akan yawancin cibiyoyin sadarwa azaman adireshin watsawa.
DHCP: Tsarin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan shiri
Lambar tashar jirgin ruwa
- DHCP abokin ciniki 546 /TCP UDP
- uwar garken DHCP 546 / TCP UDP
Yana ba da damar uwar garke don rarraba adireshin IP da ƙarfi kuma akwai bayanai da yawa waɗanda uwar garken DHCP za su iya ba wa mai masaukin lokacin da mai masaukin yana neman adireshin IP daga uwar garken DHCP kamar adireshin IP, abin rufe fuska, ƙofar tsoho, DNS, sunan yankin. , WINS bayanai.
DNS: sabis na sunan yankin (sabar)
o Mai gano albarkatu
o Yana warware sunan mai masaukin baki zuwa IPs da sauran masu hikima
o warware cikakken sunan yankin da ya cancanta (FQDN)
o Kunshi:
Rikodin: warware sunan yankin zuwa adireshin IP
Rikodin MX: warware uwar garken mail zuwa adireshin IP
Rikodin PTR: gaban rikodin A da rikodin MX, warware adireshin IP zuwa sunan yankin ko sabar mail
PPP: Nuna zuwa Protocol
o Yarjejeniyar da ke ba kwamfuta damar haɗawa da Intanet ta hanyar bugun kira da more yawancin fa'idodin haɗin kai tsaye; gami da ikon gudanar da ƙarshen zane -zane kamar Masu Binciken Intanet. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar PPP mafi girma ga SLIP, saboda yana fasalta gano kuskure, matsa bayanai, da sauran abubuwan ladubban sadarwa na zamani waɗanda SLIP ba ta da su.
PPPoE: Nuna don nuna yarjejeniya akan Ethernet
o Yarjejeniyar hanyar sadarwa don ƙulla maƙasudi don nuna alamar yarjejeniya (PPP) a cikin firam ɗin Ethernet.
o Ana amfani da shi musamman tare da sabis na DSL inda kowane mai amfani ke bayyana cibiyoyin sadarwar Ethernet na metro.
SMTP: yarjejeniya mai sauƙin canja wurin mail
o Port lambar 25 /TCP UDP
o Mai amfani ne don aika wasiku (mai fita)
POP3: yarjejeniyar gidan waya
o Port lambar 110 /TCP
o Ana amfani da shi don karɓar wasiƙa (mai shigowa)
FTP: yarjejeniyar canja wurin fayil
o Port lambar 21 /TCP
o Bari mu canza fayiloli kuma yana iya yin wannan tsakanin kowane injin biyu
o FTP ba kawai yarjejeniya ba ce, har ila yau shirin ne
o Kamar: yin aikin fayil ta hannu
o Yana ba da damar isa ga kundayen adireshi da fayiloli duka
o Yana da tsaro don haka masu amfani dole ne a sanya su shiga shiga ingantacciya (amintacce tare da sunan mai amfani da kalmar wucewa waɗanda masu gudanar da tsarin suka aiwatar don ƙuntata samun dama)
o FTP zaɓi ne da yakamata kuyi la’akari da shi idan kuna buƙatar aikawa da karɓar manyan fayiloli (saboda yawancin ISPs basa barin fayilolin da suka fi 5 MB girma)
o FTP ya fi sauri fiye da imel, wanda shine wani dalilin amfani da ftp don aikawa ko karɓar manyan fayiloli
SNMP: yarjejeniya mai sauƙin sarrafa cibiyar sadarwa
o Port lambar 161 /UDP
o Tattara da sarrafa bayanan cibiyar sadarwa masu mahimmanci
o Ko ya yi amfani da shi don sarrafa cibiyoyin sadarwa na tushen TCP/IP da IPX.
HTTP: yarjejeniyar canja wurin rubutu
o Port lambar 80 /TCP
o Yarjejeniyar matakin aikace -aikacen, ana amfani da ita don dawo da albarkatun da ke da alaƙa da ake kira takaddun rubutu na haruffa don kafa Gidan Yanar Gizo na Duniya
o HTTP /1.0 yayi amfani da keɓaɓɓen haɗi ga kowane takaddar
o HTTP /1.1 na iya sake amfani da wannan haɗin don zazzagewa.
LDAP: yarjejeniya don samun damar kundin adireshi mara nauyi
o Port lambar 389 /TCP
o Yarjejeniya ce ga abokan ciniki don tambaya da sarrafa bayanai a cikin sabis na jagora akan tashar haɗin TCP 389
OSPF: buɗe hanya mafi guntu farko
o Ya ƙunshi yankuna da tsarin cin gashin kansa
o Yana rage zirga -zirgar sabunta hanyoyin zirga -zirga
o Yana ba da damar daidaitawa
Yana da adadin hop mara iyaka
o Yana ba da izinin tura dillalai da yawa (daidaitaccen ma'auni)
o Taimakawa VLSM
ISDN: Sabis ɗin sabis na cibiyar sadarwar dijital
o Kasashen duniya sadarwa misali don aika murya, video, Da kuma data akan layukan tarho na dijital ko wayoyin tarho na al'ada. ISDN goyon bayan kudaden canja wurin bayanai na 64 Kbps (64,000 ragowa a kowace dakika).
o Akwai nau'ikan ISDN guda biyu:
o Rateaƙatar Farko na Asali (BRI)-ya ƙunshi 64-Kbps biyu B-tashoshi kuma daya D-tashar don watsa bayanan sarrafawa.
o Interface Rate Primary (PRI)-ya ƙunshi tashoshin B 23 da D-channel (US) ko 30 B-tashoshi da D-channel (Turai).
o Asalin sigar ISDN tana aiki watsa baseband. Wani sigar, da ake kira B-ISDN, yana amfani da watsawar watsa labarai kuma yana iya tallafawa ƙimar watsawa na 1.5 Mbps. B-ISDN yana buƙatar kebul na fiber optic kuma baya samuwa sosai.
Layi haya
o Layin tarho ne wanda aka yi hayar don amfanin kansa, A wasu mahallin, ana kiransa layin sadaukarwa. Layin layin da aka saba yawanci yana bambanta da layin da aka canza ko layin bugawa.
Yawanci, manyan kamfanoni suna yin hayar layukan haya daga masu ɗaukar saƙon wayar (kamar AT&T) don haɗa wurare daban -daban na yanki a kamfanin su. Madadin shine siye da kula da layukan masu zaman kansu ko, wataƙila, canzawa, don amfani da layukan jama'a tare da ƙa'idodin saƙon saƙo. (Wannan ake kira tunneling).
Madauki na gida
A cikin tarho, madauki na gida shine haɗin waya daga kamfanin tarho ofishin tsakiyaa cikin yanki zuwa wayoyin abokan cinikinsa a gidaje da wuraren kasuwanci. Wannan haɗin yana yawanci akan wasu wayoyin tagulla da ake kira biyu. Asalin tsarin an tsara shi don watsa murya kawai ta amfani analog fasahar watsawa akan tashar murya guda. A yau, kwamfutarka modem yana yin juyawa tsakanin siginar analog da sigina na dijital. Tare da Hadaddun Sabis na Sadarwar SadarwaISDN.
Kayan leken asiri
o Wani nau'in malware ne da za a iya shigar da shi kwakwalwa, kuma wanene ke tattara ƙananan bayanai game da masu amfani ba tare da sanin su ba? Kasancewar kayan leken asiri yawanci yana ɓoye daga mai amfani, kuma yana iya zama da wahala a gano. Yawanci, an saka kayan leken asiri a asirce akan mai amfani komputa na sirri. Wani lokaci, duk da haka, spywares kamarkey katako
ana shigar da su ta mai shi na haɗin gwiwa, kamfani, ko jama'a kwamfuta kan manufa domin saka idanu akan sauran masu amfani a asirce.
o Yayin da kalmar leken asiri ke ba da shawarar software da ke sa ido kan ƙididdigar mai amfani a asirce, ayyukan kayan leken asiri suna ƙaruwa fiye da sa ido mai sauƙi. Shirye -shiryen kayan leken asiri na iya tattara nau'ikan nau'ikan bayanan sirri, kamar halayen hawan igiyar ruwa ta Intanet da shafukan da aka ziyarta, amma kuma na iya yin katsalandan ga sarrafa mai amfani da kwamfutar ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar shigar ƙarin software da juyar da kai. Web browser aiki. An san kayan leken asiri yana canza saitunan kwamfuta, wanda ke haifar da saurin haɗin haɗin kai, shafuka daban -daban na gida, da/ko asarar Yanar-gizo haɗi ko aikin wasu shirye -shirye. A yunƙurin haɓaka fahimtar kayan leken asiri, ana ba da ƙarin ƙayyadaddun tsari na nau'ikan software da aka haɗa ta kalmar software mai rikitarwa.
o Dangane da fitowar kayan leken asiri, ƙaramin masana'antu ya bunƙasa ma'amala a ciki anti-kayan leken asiri software. Gudun software na kayan leken asiri ya zama sananne a ko'ina tsaro kwamfuta ga kwamfutoci, musamman masu gudu Microsoft Windows. Hukumomi da yawa sun zartar da dokokin hana leken asiri, waɗanda galibi suna yin niyya ga duk wata software da aka shigar da ɓarna don sarrafa kwamfutar mai amfani.
o Universal Serial Bus (USB)
o Universal Serial Bus (USB) tsari ne na ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da Intel ya haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwar shugabannin masana'antu. Kebul yana ba da damar saurin-sauri, sauƙin haɗin abubuwan haɗin kai zuwa PC. Lokacin da aka haɗa, komai yana daidaitawa ta atomatik. Kebul shine mafi haɗin haɗin kai a cikin tarihin ƙididdigar mutum kuma ya yi ƙaura zuwa cikin kayan masarufi (CE) da samfuran wayar hannu.
o Muhimmin Bayanan kula
Kilobyte (8 bit = 1 byte) yana lissafin saurin lodawa a teburin da ke sama.
Ana lissafin saurin saukarwa a teburin da ke sama ta Kilobyte (KB).
Na'urar hanyar sadarwa
Hub
o Mafi ƙarancin fasaha irin na sadarwar.
o Yi aiki a matakin jiki (Layer 1).
o Yana ɗaukar bayanai a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya sannan kuma yana watsa shi daga kowace tashar jiragen ruwa, don haka duk wani bayani da kowane PC guda ɗaya ke aikawa ko karɓa a kan Hub ana watsa shi zuwa kowane PC, wannan mara kyau ne ga tsaro.
o Yana amfani da faɗin band da yawa akan hanyar sadarwa, saboda dole ne kwamfutoci su karɓi bayanan da basa buƙata.
Sauya (Bridge)
o Ƙari mai fasaha irin na sadarwar.
O Multi-Port Bridge yana aiki a layin haɗin bayanai (Layer 2).
o Sanin adireshin MAC na kowane PC, don haka lokacin da bayanai suka shigo cikin Sauya kawai aika bayanai a mayar da tashar da aka ba adireshin MAC na kwamfutar.
o Haɗa kwamfutoci da yawa tare a cikin cibiyar sadarwa na yanki ɗaya (LAN) ko cibiyar sadarwa iri ɗaya.
o Sauyawa yana adana faɗin faɗin cibiyar sadarwa kuma gabaɗaya mafi kyawun aiki fiye da Hub.
na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa
o Mafi fasaha irin na sadarwar.
o Yi aiki a Layer cibiyar sadarwa (Layer 3).
o Mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na iya karanta adireshin IP na kowace PC da kowace cibiyar sadarwa, don haka na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na iya ɗaukar rukunin zirga -zirgar zirga -zirgar cikin gida don isa zuwa kan intanet kuma ya sarrafa shi daga cibiyar sadarwar ku zuwa cibiyar sadarwar waje.
o Haɗa cibiyoyin sadarwa da yawa masu waya ko mara waya tare, ma'ana tana haɗa hanyoyin sadarwa kamar yadda Ƙofar Ƙofar ke yi.
Maimaitawa
o Mai maimaitawa shine kayan aiki wanda ke ba da damar wuce matsakaicin tsawon da ma'aunin cibiyar sadarwa ya sanya. Don a yi shi yana ƙaruwa da kuma sabunta siginar lantarki.
o Hakanan yana da ikon rufe ɓangaren da ya gaza (buɗe Cable misali) da kuma daidaita kafofin watsa labarai na Ethernet guda biyu daban -daban. (Misali 10base2 zuwa 10BaseT). Wannan amfani na ƙarshe wanda a halin yanzu shine babba.
DSLAM: Multiplexer na Samun Lambar Mai Biyan Kuɗi na Dijital
o Na'urar sadarwa ce, wacce ke cikin musayar tarho na masu bada sabis
o Yana haɗa layin masu biyan kuɗi na dijital da yawa (DSLs) zuwa Single - High - Speed Internet back line line by using multiplexing skills.
Dangane da OSI - Model Layer, DSLAM tana aiki kamar babban canji na cibiyar sadarwa, don haka aiki ne a cikin layi na 2, don haka ba zai iya sake yin zirga -zirga tsakanin cibiyoyin sadarwar IP da yawa ba.
Modem
o Modulator/Demodulator: modem yana canza (canzawa) bayanan dijital zuwa siginar analog wanda za'a iya aikawa ta layin waya. Hakanan yana lalata siginar analog da yake karɓa daga layin tarho, yana mai canza bayanan da ke cikin siginar zuwa bayanan dijital.
PSTN (cibiyar sadarwar tarho ta jama'a)
Shine tarin hanyoyin sadarwar wayar tarho na jama'a da ke haɗa murya, duka na kasuwanci da na gwamnati, ana kuma kiranta da Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS). Hadin kan hanyoyin sadarwar tarho ne da ke canzawa wanda ya samo asali daga zamanin Alexander Graham Bell ("Doctor Watson, zo nan!"). A yau, kusan fasaha ce ta dijital gaba ɗaya ban da hanyar haɗin ƙarshe daga ofishin tarho na tsakiya (na gida) zuwa mai amfani.
Dangane da Intanet, PSTN a zahiri yana samar da mafi yawan nisan Intanet kayayyakin. Domin masu bada sabis na Intanet ISPs suna biyan masu samar da nesa don samun dama ga abubuwan more rayuwarsu da raba madaidaiciya tsakanin masu amfani da yawa ta hanyar fakiti-switching, masu amfani da Intanet suna guje wa biyan kuɗin amfani ga kowa ban da ISPs ɗin su.
Hanyar sadarwar Intanet mai yawa
o Sau da yawa gajarta zuwa “broadband” kawai, babban haɗin haɗin bayanai ne zuwa internet - Yawanci ya bambanta da samun dama ta amfani da 56k modem.
o Sau da yawa ana kiran hanyar sadarwa ta Intanet “mai saurin gudu” don shiga Intanet, saboda galibi tana da yawan watsa bayanai. Gabaɗaya, duk wani haɗin gwiwa ga abokin ciniki na 256 Kbit/s (0.25 Mbit/s) ko mafi girma an fi la'akari da damar Intanet mai faɗi.
Ra'ayin DSL
DSL: layin biyan kuɗi na dijital
o Sabis ɗin Intanet mai sauri kamar Intanet na USB, DSL tana ba da hanyar sadarwa mai sauri akan layin waya na yau da kullun ta amfani da fasahar watsa labarai, fasahar DSL tana ba da damar Intanet da sabis na tarho suyi aiki akan layin waya ɗaya ba tare da buƙatar abokan ciniki su cire haɗin murya ko Intanet ba. haɗi.
o Ainihin akwai dabarun DSL iri biyu
o Asymmetric: ADSL, RADSL, VDSL
o Symmetric: SDSL, HDSL, SHDSL
ADSL: layin biyan kuɗi na dijital asymmetric
o Yana bayar da ƙimar bit mafi girma a cikin hanyar da ke ƙasa fiye da ta sama
o ADSL ya raba bandwidth na kebul mai lankwasa (MHZ ɗaya) zuwa makada 3
o 1st band tsakanin 0 - 25 KHZ ana amfani dashi don sabis na wayar tarho na yau da kullun wanda ke amfani (4 KHZ) kuma ana amfani da sauran azaman ƙungiyar tsaro don raba tashar murya daga tashar bayanai
band na biyu 2 - 25 KHZ
o Ana amfani dashi don sadarwa ta sama
o 3rd band 200 - 1000 KHZ ana amfani dashi don sadarwa ta ƙasa
RADSL: layin daidaita biyan kuɗi na dijital na asymmetrical
o Fasaha ce da aka dogara da ADSL, tana ba da damar ƙimar bayanai daban -daban dangane da nau'in sadarwa don murya, bayanai, watsa labarai da sauransu
HDSL: babban ƙimar DSL
o HDSL yana amfani da rikodin BIQ 2 wanda ba shi da saukin kamuwa da rauni
o Adadin bayanai shine 2 Mbps ana iya samun sa ba tare da maimaitawa ba kuma har zuwa nisan 3.6 Km
o HDSL yana amfani da wayoyi biyu masu lankwasa don cimma cikakkiyar watsawa.
SDSL: daidaitaccen DSL
Yayi daidai da HDSL amma yana amfani da kebul ɗin murɗaɗɗen guda ɗaya
o SDSL yana amfani da sokewar amsa kuwwa don ƙirƙirar cikakken watsawa
VDSL: ƙimar DSL mai ƙima sosai
Yayi kama da ADSL
o Anyi amfani da coaxial, fiber optical ko murɗaɗɗen kebul don ɗan tazara (300m -1800m)
o Tsarin fasaha shine DMT tare da ƙima na 50 - 55 Mbps don ƙarƙashin ƙasa da 1.55 - 2.5 Mbps don sama.
o Siffofin Kanfigareshan
VPI da VCI: Mai Bayyanar Hanyar Virtual & Mai Bayyanar Tashar Virtual
o Ana amfani da shi don gano makomar gaba ta sel yayin da take wucewa ta jerin hanyoyin sauya na’urar ATM akan hanyarsa ta zuwa inda take.
PPPoE: Nuna don nuna yarjejeniya akan Ethernet
o Yarjejeniyar hanyar sadarwa ce don ƙulla ma'amala don nuna ƙirar yarjejeniya (PPP) a cikin Frames Ethernet
o Ana amfani da shi musamman tare da sabis na DSL inda kowane mai amfani ke bayyana cibiyoyin sadarwar Ethernet na metro
MTU: Unit Transmission Mai Girma
o A cikin sadarwar komputa, kalmar Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) tana nufin girman (a bytes) na PDU mafi girma wanda layin da aka bayar na ladabi na sadarwa zai iya wucewa gaba. Sigogin MTU galibi suna bayyana a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙirar sadarwa (NIC, tashar jiragen ruwa, da sauransu). Ana iya gyara MTU ta ƙa'idodi (kamar yadda yake tare da Ethernet) ko yanke shawara a lokacin haɗawa (kamar yadda galibi haka yake tare da hanyoyin haɗin kai-da-aya). MTU mafi girma yana kawo ingantaccen aiki saboda kowane fakiti yana ɗauke da ƙarin bayanan mai amfani yayin da ƙa'idodin yarjejeniya, kamar kanun labarai ko jinkiri na kowane fakiti yana ci gaba da daidaitawa, kuma mafi girman inganci yana nufin ɗan ingantawa a cikin hanyoyin aiwatar da yarjejeniya. Koyaya, manyan fakitoci na iya mamaye hanyar haɗin yanar gizo na ɗan lokaci, yana haifar da jinkiri mafi girma ga bin fakitoci da haɓaka lag da ƙaramin latency. Misali, fakiti na baiti 1500, mafi girma da Ethernet ya ba da izini a layin cibiyar sadarwa (don haka yawancin Intanet), zai ɗaure modem 14.4k na kusan daƙiƙa ɗaya.
LLC: Sarrafa Haɗin Haɗi
o Layin Haɗin Haɗin Haƙiƙa (LLC) Layer ladabi na sadarwa na sadarwa shine ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin Layer Haɗin Haɗin Bayanin da aka ƙayyade a cikin ƙirar OSI-Layer bakwai (Layer 2). Yana ba da hanyoyin sarrafawa da yawa da gudana wanda ke ba da dama ga ladabi na cibiyar sadarwa da yawa (IP, IPX) don zama tare a cikin cibiyar sadarwa da yawa kuma ana jigilar su akan kafofin watsa labarai iri ɗaya.
Ƙananan Layer na LLC yana aiki azaman abin dubawa tsakanin ƙaramar sub Media Access Control (MAC) da Layer na cibiyar sadarwa. Daidai ne ga kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri daban -daban (kamar Ethernet, ring ring, da WLAN
Gaisuwa mafi kyau,
