Wamkelekile kubalandeli bewebhusayithi yetikiti

Namhlanje sinikezela kuwe eyona migaqo ibalulekileyo ibalulekileyo kwimigaqo ye

CCNA

Ngentsikelelo kaThixo, masiqale

(((Iziseko zenethiwekhi))

 

I-VPN: Inethiwekhi yabucala eyiyo

o Indlela yokubhala ngokufihlakeleyo ukukhomba umnqamlezo kunethiwekhi yoluntu

VOIP: Ilizwi ngaphezulu kweProtocol ye-Intanethi

o Ukuhanjiswa konxibelelwano ngelizwi kwinethiwekhi ye-IP

Inkonzo o iguqula ilizwi lakho libe ngumqondiso wedijithali ohamba nge-intanethi

SAM: Umphathi weAkhawunti yoKhuseleko

o Isiseko sedatha esineakhawunti yomsebenzisi kunye neenkcazo zokhuseleko kwiqela lomsebenzi

I-LAN: Inethiwekhi yeNgingqi yeNgingqi

o Ukuqhagamshela ii-pc ezimbini okanye nangaphezulu kunye nezixhobo ezinxulumene noko kwindawo encinci

INDODA: Inethiwekhi yeNgingqi yeNqila

Mikhulu kune-LAN kwaye incinci kune-WAN

I-WAN: Inethiwekhi ebanzi yeNdawo

o Kusetyenziswa ukudibanisa ii-LANs kunye

I-MAC: Ulawulo lokufikelela kwimithombo yeendaba

o Unoxanduva lokujongana nezixhobo zekhompyutha

Igama leDomain:

               Kuphela ligama lewebhusayithi ye-ex: www.tedata.net ebizwa ngegama le-Domain.

Igama lisebenza: 

Ngumncedisi oqulathe iifayile zeZowuni zommandla wabathengi ezibandakanya ulwazi olubalulekileyo lwedomeyithi efana neerekhodi ze-A & MX.

Umncedisi wokubamba:

Yiseva equlathe iifayile ze-FTP zommandla wabathengi kwaye inokwabelwana ngazo okanye ifumaneke.

Iseva yemeyile:

Yiseva ekufuneka umthengi abe nayo ukuba ufuna ukwenza ii-imeyile phantsi kwesizinda sakhe ze-ex. ([imeyile ikhuselwe])

I-HTML: IsiqulathoUlwimi lokuPhawula

Ngaba yeyona khowudi ilula yokwenza amaphepha ewebhu onke amaseva nokuba yeyiphi na indawo eyenziwe ngayo ithumela idatha kwisikhangeli ngefomathi ye-html

NAT: ukuguqulelwa kwedilesi yenethiwekhi

o Ngaba uguqulo lwedilesi yeProtokholi ye-IntanethiIdilesi ye-IP) isetyenziswe kwinethiwekhi enye kwidilesi eyahlukileyo ye-IP eyaziwa kwenye inethiwekhi, Inethiwekhi enye ichongiwe ngaphakathi kwaye enye ingaphandle. Ngokwesiqhelo, inkampani iyimephu yangaphakathi kwidilesi zenethiwekhi ukuya kwenye okanye ngaphezulu kweedilesi zangaphandle ze-IP kwaye ikhupha iidilesi ze-IP zehlabathi kwiipakethi ezingenayo zibuyele kwiidilesi ze-IP zasekhaya. Oku kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kuba isicelo ngasinye esiphumayo okanye esingenayo kufuneka sigqibe ngenkqubo yokuguqulela ekwabonelela ngethuba lokufumana okanye lokuqinisekisa isicelo okanye usithelekise nesicelo sangaphambili. I-NAT ikwagcina inani leedilesi ze-IP zehlabathi ezifunwa yinkampani kwaye ivumela inkampani ukuba isebenzise idilesi enye ye-IP kunxibelelwano lwayo nehlabathi.

Umahluko phakathi kwesiqingatha seduplex kunye nesiduplex esipheleleyo

o Uphindwe kabini

Indlela iimodem zokutshintshiselana kwedatha: isiqingatha seduplex okanye iduplex epheleleyo. Ngokuhanjiswa okuphindwe kabini, yimodem enye kuphela enokuthumela idatha ngexesha. Ukuhanjiswa okuphindwe kabini kuvumela zombini iimodem ukuba zithumele idatha ngaxeshanye.

o Uphinda-phindo wesiqingatha

Imowudi yenza ukuba izixhobo zonxibelelwano zithumele idatha ngendlela enye ngexesha, kuthetha ukuba zombini izixhobo zonxibelelwano azinakho ukuthumela idatha ngaxeshanye. Kufana ne-walkie-talkie, ngumntu omnye kuphela onokuthetha ngexesha.

o Uphinda-phindo olupheleleyo

Inika amandla izixhobo zokunxibelelana ezimbini ukuthumela idatha ngaxeshanye kwaye iphucula ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi. Kufana nokwenza umnxeba kumhlobo wakho ngokusebenzisa umnxeba okanye iselfowuni, nobabini ninokuthetha kwaye nimamele ngaxeshanye.

Umahluko phakathi kweempawu ze-analog kunye nezedijithali.

o Imiqondiso ye-analog

Sebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo imisinga yombane kunye neevolthi zokuvelisa idatha ehanjiswayo. Kuba idatha ithunyelwa kusetyenziswa imisinga eguquguqukayo kwinkqubo ye-analog, kunzima kakhulu ukususa ingxolo kunye nokuphazamiseka kwamaza ngexesha lokuhambisa. Ngesi sizathu, imiqondiso ye-analog ayinakho ukwenza ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ekumgangatho ophezulu.

o Imiqondiso yedijithali

Sebenzisa imitya yedatha yokubini (0 no-1) ukuvelisa kwakhona idatha edluliswayo. Ingxolo kunye nokugqwetha kunempembelelo encinci, okwenza ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ekumgangatho ophezulu kwenzeke. Ukuhanjiswa kwedatha yedijithali ekumgangatho ophezulu we-INS-Net ngesantya esiphezulu kuluncedo ngakumbi kusasazo kusetyenziswa iikhompyuter kuba iikhompyuter ngokwazo zisebenzisa imiqondiso yedijithali kulwazi lwengcaciso.

Umahluko phakathi kweendonga zomlilo kunye nommeli

o I-firewall

Inxalenye yenkqubo yekhompyuter yenethiwekhi ekhusela inkqubo ngokukhusela ukufikelela okungagunyaziswanga kwi-intanethi. Iseva yommeleli lolunye udidi lomlilo.

Umsebenzi oSisiseko weFirewall

I-firewall isebenza ngokuvavanya ipakethi nganye yolwazi ethunyelwe phakathi kwekhompyuter ekhuselekileyo kunye neekhompyuter ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi yendawo. Iipakethi ezingafezekisi imigaqo ethile ziyavalwa.

o Ezinye iindidi zeFirewall

Uninzi lwezixhobo zomlilo ziinkqubo zesoftware endaweni yeekhompyuter ezahlukileyo njengeseva yommeleli. Inkqubo ijonga ukugcwala kwe-intanethi kwikhompyuter kwaye ivumela okanye iphike ukufikelela ngokusekwe kwimithetho ebekwe ngumsebenzisi.

o Umncedisi onegunya lokusebenzela omnye umntu

Iseva yommeleli yikhompyuter ehleli phakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo kunye nayo yonke i-intanethi. Konke ukufikelela ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi kufuneka kudlule kule seva.

o Izibonelelo zommeleli

Ngenxa yokuba zonke izithuthi eziya kwiikhompyuter ezikhuselweyo kufuneka zigqithe kwiseva yommeleli, abasebenzisi bangaphandle abanakho ukufumanisa iidilesi ezithile zenethiwekhi yeekhompyuter kuthungelwano lwasekhaya, olongeza ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo.

o Izinto ezingalunganga zeProxy

Umnini weseva yommeleli unokubona konke ukugcwala phakathi kwenethiwekhi kunye ne-intanethi engaphandle, enokuthintela ubumfihlo babasebenzisi ngabanye ngaphakathi kwiproksi. Kwakhona, iiseva zommeleli zifuna ukuseta okukhulu kwaye ke azisebenzi kwiikhompyuter ezizodwa.

Umlinganiselo wokuya kwingxolo

o (I-SNR efinyeziweyo okanye i-S / N) yimilinganiselo yokulinganisa ubungakanani bendlela umqondiso onakaliswe ngayo ingxolo. Ichazwa njengomlinganiselo wamandla esignali kumandla engxolo onakalisa umqondiso.

o Umlinganiselo uhlala ulinganiswa ngee-decibel (dB).

o Yintoni: I-SNR Margin kunye nokuCuthwa kweMigca? Ngaba kuyanceda ukwazi umgangatho wam?

o I-SNR
I-SNR ithetha uMqondiso kwiNgxolo yeNqanaba. Beka ngokulula ixabiso leMpawu ngeXabiso leNgcango kwaye ufumana i-SNR. Udinga i-SNR ephezulu kunxibelelwano oluzinzileyo. Ngokubanzi, uphawu oluphezulu kumyinge wengxolo luya kubangela iimpazamo ezimbalwa.
• 6bB. okanye ngezantsi = Akulunganga kwaye ngekhe ube nongqamaniso lomgca kunye nokucinywa rhoqo
• 7dB-10dB. = Ilungile kodwa ayishiyi igumbi elininzi lokwahluka kweemeko.
• 11dB-20dB. = Kulungile ngaphandle kwengxaki zokunqanyulwa
• I-20dB-28dB. = Zintle
• I-29dB. okanye ngaphezulu = Kugqwesile

Qaphela ukuba uninzi lweemodem lubonisa ixabiso njenge-SNR Margin kwaye ayisiyiyo i-SNR emsulwa.

Umda we-SNR
ungacinga umda we-SNR njengomlinganiso womgangatho wenkonzo; ichaza ubuchule benkonzo ukuba isebenze ngaphandle kwempazamo ngexesha lokugqabhuka kwengxolo.

Lo ngumlinganiso womahluko phakathi kwe-SNR yakho yangoku kunye ne-SNR efunekayo ukugcina inkonzo ethembekileyo kwisantya sonxibelelwano lwakho. Ukuba i-SNR yakho isondele kakhulu kubuncinci obufunekayo be-SNR, kunokwenzeka ukuba ubenengxaki yokuxhamla, okanye ukwehla. Udinga umda ophezulu ukuze uqinisekise ukuba ukuphazamiseka kokuphazamiseka akubangeli ukunqunyulwa okungapheliyo.

Ngobubanzi bebhanti yendabuko, iphakamileyo iMargin ye-SNR, ingcono. NgeMaxDSL isantya esikhawulezileyo sifumaneka kuphela njengorhwebo kunye noko umgca wakho unokukuxhasa ngokuthembekileyo. I-Target SNR Margin imalunga ne-6dB. Ukuba ibhendi yakho ebanzi ibonelelwa nge-LLU (Local Loop Unbundled) network, le target SNR Margin inokuba phezulu njenge-12dB.

Ukuncitshiswa komgca

Ngokubanzi, ukucuthwa kukuphulukana nomqondiso kumgama. Ngelishwa, ilahleko ye-dB ayixhomekekanga nje kumgama. Kuyaxhomekeka kuhlobo lwentambo kunye negeji (enokwahluka kubude bekhebula), inani kunye nendawo nezinye iindawo zonxibelelwano kwikhebula.

o 20bB. Kwaye ngezantsi = Kubalaseleyo

o 20dB-30dB. = Zintle

o 30dB-40dB. = Kulunge kakhulu

o 40dB-50dB. = Kulungile

o 50dB-60dB. = I-Poor kwaye unokufumana imicimbi yokunxibelelana

o 60dB. Kwaye ngaphezulu = Kubi kwaye kuya kuba namava oxhulumaniso

Ukucuthwa komgca kuchaphazela isantya sakho.

o 75 dB +: Ngaphandle kwoluhlu lwebhendi ebanzi

o 60-75 dB: isantya esiphezulu ukuya kwi-512kbps

o 43-60dB: isantya esiphezulu ukuya kwi-1Mbps

o 0-42dB: khawulezisa ukuya kwi-2Mbps +

Ukucinga ukuba i-SNR yakho iphantsi, unokwenza oku kulandelayo ukuze wandise i-SNR yakho zezi zilandelayo:

Chonga apho ucingo lungena khona ekhayeni lakho

Yilandelele yonke indlela ebuyela kwibhokisi yokudibanisa

Jonga ukuba intambo ikwimeko elungileyo- ayisiyonto ininzi kangako, akukho zi welds, ucingo aludluli kuzo naziphi na iingcingo zombane okanye iintambo zesathelayithi njlnjl.

Kwibhokisi yesixokelelwano, jonga uqhagamshelo. Ngaba idibeneyo, i-oxidized? Ukuba ewe, phawula phantsi.

Umahluko phakathi kweRJ11 kunye neRJ45

o RJ

Ijack ebhalisiweyo ngumzimba omiselweyo ujongano lomnatha- zombini ulwakhiwo lwejack kunye neepateni zewiring-zokudibanisa unxibelelwano ngomnxeba okanye izixhobo zedatha kwinkonzo ebonelelwe yi utshintshiselwano lwasekhaya or othwala umgama omde.

o RJ11

Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwejack oluhlala lusetyenziselwa ukudibanisa iifowuni ze-analogue, iimodem kunye noomatshini befeksi kumgca wonxibelelwano.

o RJ45

Ngaba luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lokudibanisa iintambo zenethiwekhi. Izihlanganisi zeRJ45 zihlala zibonwa kunye ethernetiintambo kunye nothungelwano.

Izihlanganisi ze-RJ45 zibonisa izikhonkwane ezisibhozo apho iintambo zentambo zonxibelelwano ngentambo zombane. Imigangatho ye-RJ-45 pinouts ichaza ulungiselelo lweentambo ezizezinye ezifunekayo xa kufakwa izihlanganisi kwintambo.

Intambo ye-Ethernet-Umzobo weKhowudi yokufaka iikhowudi

o Imizobo elula yokucacisa yeentlobo ezimbini zeentambo ze-UTP Ethernet kwaye ujonge indlela iikomiti ezinokuthi zenze ngayo intshulube kuzo. Nayi imizobo:

o Qaphela ukuba izikhonkwane ze-TX (zokuhambisa) zidityanisiwe nezikhonkwane ezihambelana ne-RX (receiver), kunye nokudibanisa kunye nokuthabatha. Kwaye kufuneka usebenzise ikhebula le-crossover ukudibanisa iiyunithi ezinendawo efanayo. Ukuba usebenzisa intambo ethe nkqo, enye yeeyunithi kufuneka ukuba yenze umsebenzi wokuwela.

o Kusetyenziswa imigangatho emibini yekhowudi yemibala: i-EIA / TIA 568A kunye ne-EIA / TIA 568B. Iikhowudi zihlala ziboniswa ngee-RJ-45 jacks ngolu hlobo lulandelayo (umbono uvela ngaphambili kwejack):

o Ukuba sisebenzisa ikhowudi yemibala engama-568A kwaye sibonisa zonke iingcingo ezisibhozo, ukuphuma kwethu kujongeka njengoku:

o Qaphela ukuba izikhonkwane ezi-4, 5, 7, kunye no-8 kunye nezibini eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namdaka azisetyenziswanga nakowuphi umgangatho. Ngokuchasene noko unokukufunda kwenye indawo, ezi zikhonkwane kunye neengcingo azisetyenziswanga okanye ziyafuneka ekuphumezeni ukuphindaphindwa kwe-100BASE-TX-zichithwe nje.

o Nangona kunjalo, iintambo ezizizo azilulanga ngokwasemzimbeni. Kwimizobo, isibini seorenji sentsimbi asikufuphi. Isibini esibhulowu sijongise ezantsi. Ukuphela kwesokudla kutshatisa i-RJ-45 jacks kwaye ezisekhohlo azenzi. Ukuba, umzekelo, sijika icala lasekhohlo le-568A "ngqo" -intambo yokutshatisa i-jack engu-568A-beka i-180 ° twist kuyo yonke intambo ukusuka esiphelweni ukuya esiphelweni-kwaye sijije kunye silungelelanise izibini ezifanelekileyo, Sifumana ezi zinto zilandelayo:

o Oku kugxininisa ngakumbi, ndiyathemba, ukubaluleka kwegama "ukujija" ekwenzeni iintambo zenethiwekhi ezizakusebenza. Awunakho ukusebenzisa intambo yefowuni engatshixwanga ethe tyaba kwintambo yenethiwekhi. Ngapha koko, kuya kufuneka usebenzise isibini seengcingo ezijijekileyo ukudibanisa iseti yezikhonkwane zokuhambisa kwizikhonkwane zazo zokufumana. Awunakho ukusebenzisa ucingo ukusuka kwesinye isibini kunye nolunye ucingo oluvela kwisibini esahlukileyo.

Ukugcina le mithetho ingentla engqondweni, sinokwenza lula umzobo wentambo engu-568A ngokuthe nkqo ngokungazikhuphi iingcingo, ngaphandle kwe-180 ° yokujija intambo yonke, nokugoba iziphelo phezulu. Ngokunjalo, ukuba sitshintshisa ngababini oluhlaza kunye no-orenji kumzobo we-568A siya kufumana umzobo owenziwe lula wentambo ye-568B ethe ngqo. Ukuba siwela izibini eziluhlaza kunye neorenji kumzobo ongu-568A siya kufika kumzobo owenziwe lula wentambo ye-crossover. Bobathathu baboniswe ngezantsi.

o Isantya sokuhambisa seKati 5, Ikati 5e, Ikati 6 intambo yenethiwekhi
Ikati 5 kunye neekati ezi-5e ze-UTP zinokuxhasa i-10/100/1000 Mbps Ethernet. Nangona ikhebula leCat 5 linokuxhasa kwinqanaba elithile kwiGigabit Ethernet (i-1000 Mbps), isebenza ngezantsi komgangatho ngexesha lokudluliswa kwedatha ephezulu.

Ikati ye-6 ye-UTP yentambo yenziwa kugxilwe kwi-Gigabit Ethernet kwaye ibuyela umva iyahambelana ne-10/100 Mbps Ethernet. Isebenza ngcono emva koko intambo yekati yesi-5 enesantya esiphezulu sokuhambisa kunye nempazamo yokuhambisa esezantsi. Ukuba ucwangcisa ukuba nenethiwekhi yeGigabit, jonga iiCat 5e okanye iiCat 6 ze-UTP.

o    Protocols:

Umgaqo-nkqubo uchaza iseti yemithetho kunye neempawu ezisetyenziswa ziikhompyuter kunxibelelwano ukunxibelelana.

Imodeli ye-TCP / IP, okanye inkqubo ye-intanethi

Ichaza iseti yezikhokelo zoyilo ngokubanzi kunye nokuphunyezwa kweenkqubo ezithile zenethiwekhi ukwenza ukuba iikhompyuter zinxibelelane ngenethiwekhi

I-TCP / i-IP ibonelela ngesiphelo sokugqibela kunxibelelwano oluchaza ukuba idatha kufuneka ijongiswe njani, idluliselwe, ihanjiswe kwaye ifunyenwe kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo

I-TCP: inkqubo yolawulo lokuhambisa

Ukubonelela ngokuhanjiswa okuthembekileyo kwedatha

UDP: idatha yedrafti yomsebenzisi>

Ivumela idathagram ukuba itshintshane ngaphandle kokuvuma

IP: IProtokholi ye-Intanethi

IP yidilesi yekhompyuter okanye esinye isixhobo senethiwekhi kwinethiwekhi esebenzisa i-IP okanye i-TCP / IP. Umzekelo, inombolo "166.70.10.23" ngumzekelo wedilesi enjalo. Ezi dilesi ziyafana needilesi ezisetyenziswa ezindlini kwaye zinceda idatha ifike kwindawo yayo efanelekileyo kuthungelwano.
Kukho iidilesi ezininzi ze-IP ezisetyenzisiweyo okanye ezabelwe ngokuzenzekelayo kwinethiwekhi. Umzekelo:
166.70.10.0 0 yidilesi yenethiwekhi eyabelwe ngokuzenzekelayo.
166.70.10.1 1 yeyona dilesi isetyenziswa njengendawo yokungena.
166.70.10.2 2 ikwayidilesi eqhelekileyo esetyenziselwa isango.
166.70.10.255 255 yabelwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwinethiwekhi ezininzi njengedilesi yosasazo.

I-DHCP: Inkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo wokubamba enamandla

Inombolo yePort

-Umthengi we-DHCP 546 / TCP UDP

Umncedisi we-DHCP 546 / TCP UDP

Ivumela iserver ukuba isasaze iidilesi ze-IP kwaye kukho ulwazi oluninzi olunokuthi lunikezwe ngumncedisi we-DHCP kumamkeli xa umgcini ecela idilesi ye-IP kwiseva ye-DHCP enje ngedilesi ye-IP, imaski ye-subnet, isango elingagqibekanga, i-DNS, igama lesizinda , WINS ulwazi.

I-DNS: inkonzo yegama lesizinda (iseva)

o Ukufumana izixhobo

Sombulula igama lenginginya kwi-IPs nakwezinye izilumko

Sombulula igama lesizinda elifanelekileyo (FQDN)

o iqulethe:

Ingxelo: Sombulula igama lesizinda kwidilesi ye-IP

Rekhoda ye-MX: sombulula iserver yeposi kwidilesi ye-IP

PTR irekhodi: ngokuchasene nerekhodi kunye nerekhodi ye-MX, Sombulula idilesi ye-IP kwigama ledomeyini okanye kwiseva yeposi

I-PPP: Yalatha kwiProtocol yePoint

Umgaqo ovumela ikhompyuter ukuba iqhagamshele kwi-Intanethi ngonxibelelwano lokudayala kunye nokonwabela uninzi lwezibonelelo zonxibelelwano oluthe ngqo; kubandakanya ukubanakho ukuqhuba ukuphela kwegraphical ezinjengeziKhangeli ze-Intanethi. I-PPP ngokubanzi ithathwa njengeyona iphakamileyo kune-SLIP, kuba inefayile yokufumanisa impazamo, uxinzelelo lwedatha, kunye nezinye izinto zeprotokholi zonxibelelwano zangoku ezingenayo i-SLIP.

I-PPPoE: Yalatha kumgaqo olandelwayo ngaphezulu kwe-Ethernet

Umgaqo olandelwayo wothungelwano wokufaka indawo kwisalathiso somgaqo (PPP) ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-Ethernet.

Isetyenziswa ikakhulu ngeenkonzo ze-DSL apho abasebenzisi babodwa benethiwekhi yemetro ye-Ethernet.

I-SMTP: inkqubo elula yokuhambisa iposi

o Inombolo yezibuko 25 / TCP UDP

Ngaba umsebenzisi ukuthumela imeyile (ephumayo)

I-POP3: umthetho olandelwayo eposini

o Inombolo yezibuko 110 / TCP

o Isetyenziselwa ukufumana imeyile (engenayo)

I-FTP: inkqubo yokudlulisa ifayile

o Inombolo yezibuko 21 / TCP

Masithumele iifayile kwaye inokwenza oku phakathi kwawo nawuphi na umatshini

I-FTP ayisiyo protocol kuphela, ikwayinkqubo

Ezi zinto zilandelayo: yenza umsebenzi wefayile ngesandla

o Ivumela ukufikelela kuzo zombini izikhombisi kunye neefayile

Kukhuselekile ke ngoko abasebenzisi kufuneka bangene kwigama lokungqinisisa (likhuselwe ngegama lomsebenzisi kunye negama lokugqitha eliphunyezwe ngabalawuli benkqubo ukuthintela ukufikelela)

I-FTP lukhetho onokucinga ngalo ukuba ufuna ukuthumela nokufumana iifayile ezinkulu (kuba uninzi lwe-ISPs aluvumeli iifayile ezinkulu kune-5 MB ukuba zithunyelwe nge-imeyile)

I-FTP ikhawuleza kune-imeyile, sesinye isizathu sokusebenzisa i-ftp yokuthumela okanye yokufumana iifayile ezinkulu

I-SNMP: Inkqubo elula yolawulo lwenethiwekhi

o Inombolo yezibuko 161 / UDP

o Qokelela usebenzise ulwazi oluxabisekileyo lwenethiwekhi

Okanye isetyenziselwa ukuphatha i-TCP / IP-based kunye ne-IPX-based network.

I-HTTP: Umgaqo-nkqubo wokudlulisa umxholo

o Inombolo yezibuko 80 / TCP

Inkqubo yenqanaba lesicelo, isetyenziselwa ukubuyisa izixhobo eziqhagamshelekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba ngamaxwebhu ezibhaliweyo ze-hyper ekusekweni kweWebhu yeHlabathi yeWebhu

o I-HTTP / 1.0 isebenzise uqhagamshelo olwahlukileyo kuwo onke amaxwebhu

o I-HTTP /1.1 inokuphinda isebenzise uqhagamshelo olufanayo lokukhuphela.

I-LDAP: ulawulo olulula lokufikelela kulungelelwaniso 

o Inombolo yezibuko 389 / TCP

Ngaba ngumgaqo olandelwayo wabathengi wokubuza nokulawula ulwazi kwinkonzo yomkhombandlela kwi-TCP port port 389

I-OSPF: vula indlela emfutshane kuqala

o Iquka iindawo neenkqubo ezizimeleyo

o kunciphisa ukugcwala kwindlela yokuhlaziya

o Ivumela ukwanda

o Unokubala okungenasiphelo

o Ivumela ukuthunyelwa kwabathengisi abaninzi (umgangatho ovulekileyo)

o Xhasa i-VLSM

ISDN: Iinkonzo ezihlanganisiweyo zenethiwekhi yedijithali

o Kumazwe ngamazwe yonxibelelwano umgangatho ukuthumela ilizwi, yokuzonwabisa, yaye idata kwimigca yefowuni yedijithali okanye iingcingo eziqhelekileyo zefowuni. ISDN isekela iirhafu zokudlulisa idatha of 64 Kbps (64,000 amasuntswana ngomzuzwana).

Zimbini iintlobo ze-ISDN:

o    Ujongano lweSiseko esiSisiseko (BRI) - inezinto ezibini ezingama-64-Kbps B-amajelo enye D-ijelo yokuhambisa ulwazi lolawulo.

o    Ujongano lwenqanaba lokuqala (PRI) -iqukethe amajelo e-B ayi-23 kunye nomjelo omnye we-D (i-US) okanye ama-B B angama-30 kunye nomjelo omnye we-D (iYurophu).

Inguqulelo yoqobo ye-ISDN isebenzisa Ukuhanjiswa kwebaseband. Enye inguqulelo, ebizwa B-ISDN, isebenzisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-broadband kwaye iyakwazi ukuxhasa ukuhanjiswa kwe-1.5 Mbps. I-B-ISDN ifuna iintambo zefayibha kwaye ayifumaneki ngokubanzi.

Umgca okhokelwayo

Ngaba ngumnxeba oqeshiselwe ukusetyenziswa bucala, Kwezinye iimeko ubizwa ngokuba ngumnxeba onikezelweyo. Umgca oqeshiweyo uhlala uthelekiswa nomgca otshintshiweyo okanye umgca wokudayala.

o Ngokwesiqhelo, iinkampani ezinkulu ziqesha imigca eqeshiweyo evela kubaphathi bemiyalezo yomnxeba (njenge-AT & T) ukunxibelelana neendawo ezohlukeneyo kwinkampani yabo. Enye indlela kukuthenga nokugcina imigca yabucala yabo okanye, mhlawumbi, batshintshe, basebenzise imigca epapashiweyo eneenkqubo zomyalezo okhuselekileyo. (Oku kubizwa ngokuba yitonela).

Umda wendawo

Kwi-telephony, iluphu yangaphakathi luxhulumaniso olunentambo oluvela kwinkampani yefowuni kwiofisi esembindinikwindawo yeefowuni zabathengi bayo emakhaya nakumashishini. Olu nxu lumano luhlala kwisibini seengcingo zobhedu ezibizwa izibini ezijijekileyo. Inkqubo yayiyilelwe ukuhanjiswa kwelizwi kusetyenziswa kuphela i-analog Itekhnoloji yokuhambisa kwisiteshi esinye selizwi. Namhlanje, ikhompyuter yakho modem yenza uguquko phakathi kwemiqondiso ye-analog kunye neempawu zedijithali. Ngonxibelelwano lweDijithali yeeNkonzo eziDibeneyoISDN) okanye i-Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), iluphu yangaphakathi inokuthwala imiqondiso yedijithali ngokuthe ngqo nakwi-bandwidth ephezulu kakhulu kunelizwi kuphela.

Spyware

Ngaba luhlobo lwe-malware enokuthi ifakwe kuyo iikhompyutha, kwaye yeyiphi eqokelela iinkcukacha ezincinci malunga nabasebenzisi ngaphandle kolwazi lwabo? Ubukho be-spyware buhlala bufihlakele kumsebenzisi, kwaye kunokuba nzima ukububona. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-spyware ifakwe ngasese kumsebenzisi ikhompyutha. Ngamanye amaxesha, nangona kunjalo, i-spywares ezinje ngeisitshixo abagawuli bemithi

zifakwe ngumnini wezinto ekwabelwana ngazo, ezidibeneyo, okanye ikhompyutha yoluntu ngenjongo yokubeka esweni ngasese abanye abasebenzisi.

Ngelixa igama u-spyware licebisa isoftware ebeka ngasese ikhompyuter yomsebenzisi, imisebenzi ye-spyware yanda ngaphaya kokujonga ngokulula. Iinkqubo zespyware zinokuqokelela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze inkcukacha zimntu, ezinje ngemikhwa yokungena kwi-Intanethi kunye neziza eziye zatyelelwa, kodwa zinokuphazamisana nolawulo lwekhompyuter ngezinye iindlela, njengokufaka isoftware eyongezelelweyo kunye nokuqondisa kwakhona Isikhangeli sewebhu umsebenzi. Ispyware yaziwa ngokutshintsha useto lwekhompyuter, kukhokelela kwisantya sonxibelelwano olucothayo, amaphepha asekhaya ahlukeneyo, kunye / okanye ilahleko Internet uqhagamshelo okanye ukusebenza kwezinye iinkqubo. Kwilinge lokwandisa ukuqonda kwespyware, ulwahlulo olusesikweni ngakumbi lweentlobo zesoftware ebandakanyiweyo linikezelwa lixesha Isoftware eyimfihlo yabucala.

Ukuphendula ukuvela kwespyware, ishishini elincinci liye lavela lasebenza anti-ispyware isoftware. Ukuqhuba isoftware echasene ne-spyware kuye kwaba yinto eyaziwayo ngokubanzi ukhuseleko lwekhompyutha yeekhompyuter, ngakumbi ezo zibalekayo Microsoft Windows. Inani leziphathamandla lipasile imithetho echasene ne-spyware, ekholisa ukujolisa nakweyiphi na isoftware efakwe ngokufihlakeleyo ukulawula ikhompyuter yomsebenzisi.

o I-Universal Serial Bus (i-USB)

I-Universal Serial Bus (i-USB) iseti yokunxibelelana okuchaziweyo okuphuhliswe yi-Intel ngokusebenzisana neenkokheli zeshishini. I-USB ivumela isantya esiphezulu, unxibelelwano olulula lwezixhobo kwiPC. Xa ifakwe ngaphakathi, yonke into ilungiselela ngokuzenzekelayo. I-USB yeyona ndawo iphumeleleyo kunxibelelwano kwimbali yekhompyuter yakho kwaye iye yafudukela kubathengi be-elektroniki (i-CE) kunye neemveliso ezihambayo.

o Amanqaku abalulekileyo

Isantya sokulayisha kule theyibhile ingentla sibalwa yi Kilobyte (8 bit = 1 byte).

Isantya sokukhuphela kule tafile ingentla sibalwa yiKilobyte (KB).

Izixhobo zenethiwekhi

hub

Uhlobo oluncinci olukrelekrele lwezixhobo zonxibelelwano.

Sebenza kumaleko obonakalayo (umaleko 1).

Uthatha idatha kwizibuko elinye aze ayigqithisele kwamanye amazibuko, ke nayiphi na ingcaciso ithunyelwe okanye ifunyenwe yiyo nayiphi na iPC kwiHub idluliselwa kuyo yonke enye iPC, ayilunganga ukhuseleko.

Sebenzisa ubuninzi bebhendi kububanzi benethiwekhi, njengoko iikhompyuter kufuneka zifumane idatha ezingayidingiyo.

Tshintshela (iBhulorho)

o Uhlobo olukrelekrele ngakumbi lwezixhobo zonxibelelwano.

o Ibhulorho ePort-Port isebenza kumaleko ekhonkco ledatha (umaleko 2).

Yazi idilesi ye-MAC yekhompyuter nganye, ke xa idatha ingena kutshintsho ithumela kuphela idatha ekubuyiseleni izibuko elinikezelwe kwidilesi yekhompyuter ye-MAC.

Joyina iikhompyuter ezininzi kunye kwindawo enye yenethiwekhi yendawo (i-LAN) okanye inethiwekhi efanayo.

o Ukutshintsha kugcina ububanzi bebhendi yenethiwekhi kunye nokusebenza okungcono ngokubanzi kuneHub.

isixhobo

o Olona hlobo lukrelekrele lwezixhobo zonxibelelwano.

Sebenza kubume benethiwekhi (umaleko 3).

o Umzila unokufunda idilesi ye-IP yePC nganye kunye nenethiwekhi nganye, ke umzila ungathatha ibhendi yangaphakathi yokuya kwi-intanethi kwaye uyihambise ukusuka kwinethiwekhi yakho yangaphakathi ukuya kwinethiwekhi yangaphandle.

o Joyina iinethiwekhi ezininzi ezingenazingcingo kunye okanye ezingenazingcingo kunye, oko kuthetha ukuba idibanisa iinethiwekhi njengenye indlela yeSango.

Abaphengululi

o Umbuyisi sisixhobo esenza ukuba sikwazi ukugqitha kubude obuphezulu obumiselweyo ngumgangatho wenethiwekhi. Ukwenziwa kwandisa kwaye kuvuselele umqondiso wombane.

Iyakwazi ukufaka icandelo elingaphumeleliyo (ukuvula i-Cable umzekelo) kunye nokulungelelanisa imithombo yeendaba ezimbini ze-Ethernet. (Umzekelo 10base2 ukuya kwi-10BaseT). Olu setyenziso lokugqibela oluseyintloko ngoku.

I-DSLAM: Ubhaliso loMgca weDijithali wokuFikelela kwi-Multiplexer

Sisisixhobo sothungelwano, esikukutshintshiselana ngefowuni nababoneleli beenkonzo

o Qhagamshela imigca yabathengi abaninzi bedijithali (ii-DSL) kwi-Intanethi eNye-ePhakamileyo-ekhawulezayo ye-intanethi ngasemva ngokusebenzisa ubuchule bokuphindaphindeka.

Ngokwe-OSI-Layer Model, i-DSLAM isebenza njengotshintsho olukhulu lwenethiwekhi, ke ukusebenza kukwahlulo 2, ke ayinakho ukuphinda-phinda ukugcwala phakathi kweenethiwekhi ezininzi ze-IP.

Modem

I-Modulator / i-Demodulator: imodem eguqula (imodareyitha) ulwazi lwedijithali lube ngumqondiso we-analogue onokuthunyelwa ngaphaya komnxeba. Ikwahlisa kwakhona uphawu lwe-analogue olufumana kumnxeba, ukuguqula ulwazi oluqulathwe ngumqondiso lubuyele kulwazi lwedijithali.

I-PSTN (inethiwekhi yomntu etshintshe umnxeba)

Ngaba ingqokelela yehlabathi yonxibelelwano oluhambelana nelizwi elijolise kwilizwi, zombini ezorhwebo nezikarhulumente, ikwabizwa ngokuba yiNkonzo ePheleleyo yeTelefoni (POTS). Ludibaniso lothungelwano lokutshintsha iiselfowuni oluye lwavela kwimihla ka-Alexander Graham Bell ("Ugqirha Watson, yiza apha!"). Namhlanje, iphantse ibe yidijithali ngokupheleleyo kwitekhnoloji ngaphandle kwekhonkco lokugqibela ukusuka kumbindi (wengingqi) weofisi yomnxeba oya kumsebenzisi.

Ngokunxulumene ne-Intanethi, i-PSTN inikezela umgama omde kwi-Intanethi iziseko. Ngenxa yokuba ababoneleli ngeenkonzo ze-Intanethi ISPUkuhlawula ababoneleli bemigama emide ukufikelela kwiziseko zophuhliso kunye nokwabelana ngeesekethe kubasebenzisi abaninzi nge ipakethi-Ukutshintsha, abasebenzisi be-Intanethi bayakuphepha ukuhlawula iirhafu zokusetyenziswa kuye nakubani na ngaphandle kwee-ISPs zabo.

Ukufikelela kwi-intanethi kwi-Broadband

Rhoqo kufutshane ukuba "ibhendi ebanzi", luluhlu oluphezulu lwedatha kunxibelelwano intanethi -Ukuthelekiswa ngokwesiqhelo nokufikelela usebenzisa Imodem eyi-56k.

I-Broadband ihlala ibizwa ngokuba kukufikelela kwi-Intanethi ngesantya esiphezulu, kuba ihlala inezinga eliphezulu lokuhambisa idatha. Ngokubanzi, naluphi na uqhagamshelo kumthengi we-256 Kbit / s (0.25 Mbit / s) okanye enkulu ithathelwa ingqalelo ngokulula kukufikelela kwe-Intanethi.

Ingqondo yeDSL

I-DSL: umgca wobhaliso lwedijithali

Inkonzo ye-Intanethi ekhawulezayo njenge-Intanethi ye-Intanethi, i-DSL ibonelela ngesantya esiphezulu kwinethiwekhi kwiifowuni eziqhelekileyo isebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-broadband, itekhnoloji ye-DSL ivumela i-Intanethi kunye nomnxeba ukuba usebenze ngaphezulu komnxeba omnye ngaphandle kokufuna ukuba abathengi banqamle nokuba lelilizwi okanye i-Intanethi. unxibelelwano.

o Kukho iindidi ezimbini zeendlela zeDSL

I-Asymmetric: I-ADSL, iRADSL, iVDSL

o Ulungelelwaniso: SDSL, HDSL, SHDSL

I-ADSL: umgca wokurhuma wedijithali ongalinganiyo

o Inika amazinga aphakamileyo aphezulu kwicala elingasezantsi kunalowo unyukayo

I-ADSL yahlulahlulahlulahlulahlulahlulahlula intambo yokuhamba-hamba kabini (iMHZ enye) ngokwamaqela ama-3

Ibhendi yokuqala phakathi ko-1 ukuya ku-0 KHZ isetyenziselwa inkonzo yemfonomfono esetyenziswayo (25 KHZ) kwaye enye isetyenziswa njengeqela lomlindi lokwahlula ijelo lelizwi kwitshaneli yedatha

o Ibhendi yesibini 2 - 25 KHZ

o Isetyenziselwa unxibelelwano olusemantla

Ibhendi yesi-3 ka-200 - 1000 ye-KHZ isetyenziselwa unxibelelwano olusezantsi

I-RADSL: umlinganiso wobhaliso lwedijithali olulinganisiweyo

Itekhnoloji esekwe kwi-ADSL, ivumela amaxabiso eedatha ahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kunxibelelwano lwelizwi, idatha, imultimedia njalo njalo

I-HDSL: inqanaba eliphezulu leDSL

I-HDSL isebenzisa i-encoding ye-BIQ yesi-2 engachaphazeleki kangako kukuncitshiswa

o Idatha yedatha yi-2 Mbps inokufikelelwa ngaphandle kokuphindaphinda ukuya kuthi ga kumgama we-3.6 Km

o I-HDSL isebenzisa iingcingo ezimbini ezijijekileyo ukufezekisa ukuhanjiswa ngokupheleleyo.

I-SDSL: ulungelelwaniso lweDSL

Iyafana ne-HDSL kodwa isebenzisa intambo enye ejijekileyo

o I-SDSL isebenzisa ukucinywa kwe-echo ukwenza ukuhanjiswa okupheleleyo-okuphindwe kabini

I-VDSL: iqondo eliphezulu kakhulu leDSL

Iyafana ne-ADSL

o I-coaxial esetyenzisiweyo, ifayibha ebonakalayo okanye intambo ejijekileyo yomgama omfutshane (300m -1800m)

Ubuchule bokumodareyitha yi-DMT ngenqanaba elincinci le-50-55 Mbps yokuhla kunye ne-1.55 - 2.5 Mbps yokunyuka

o Uqwalaselo lweeparameter

I-VPI kunye ne-VCI: Isazisi seNdlela eyiyo kunye neChannel yesazisi eyiyo

o Isetyenziselwa ukuchonga indawo elandelayo yeseli njengoko igqitha kuthotho lokutshintsha kweATM kwindlela yayo eya apho iya khona

I-PPPoE: Yalatha kumgaqo olandelwayo ngaphezulu kwe-Ethernet

Ngaba umthetho olandelwayo womnatha wokufaka isalathiso sokujonga isikhombisi somgaqo (PPP) ngaphakathi kweefreyimu ze-Ethernet

Isetyenziswa ikakhulu ngeenkonzo ze-DSL apho abasebenzisi babodwa benethiwekhi yemetro ye-Ethernet

MTU: Ubuninzi beCandelo loThumelo  

o Kunxibelelwano lwekhompyuter, igama elithi Ubuninzi boThumelo lweYunithi (MTU) lubhekisa kubungakanani (kwii-byte) zeyona PDU inkulu apho umaleko onikiweyo wenkqubo yonxibelelwano ungadlula uye phambili. Iiparamitha zeMTU zihlala zivela ngokudibana nonxibelelwano lonxibelelwano (i-NIC, uthotho lwezibuko, njl. I-MTU inokulungiswa ngemigangatho (njengoko kunjalo nge-Ethernet) okanye igqitywe ngexesha lokudibanisa (njengoko kuhlala kunjalo ngamakhonkco e-point-to-point serial). I-MTU ephezulu izisa ukusebenza ngakumbi kuba ipakethi nganye ithatha idatha engaphezulu yomsebenzisi ngelixa iiprothokholi zentloko, ezinje ngezihloko okanye ukulibaziseka kwepakethi nganye zihlala zilungisiwe, kwaye ukusebenza ngokukuko kuthetha ukuphucuka okuncinci kokuhamba kweprotocol enkulu. Nangona kunjalo, iipakethi ezinkulu zinokuhlala kwikhonkco elicothayo kangangexesha elithile, zibangele ukulibaziseka okukhulu ekulandeleni iipakethi kunye nokwandisa i-lag kunye ne-latency encinci. Umzekelo, ipakethi ye-1500 ye-byte, eyeyona inkulu evunyelwe yi-Ethernet kuludwe lwenethiwekhi (yiyo ke loo nto uninzi lwe-Intanethi), ingabopha imodem eyi-14.4k malunga nomzuzwana omnye.

I-LLC: Ulawulo lweKhonkco loLungelelwaniso

o I-Logical Link Control (LLC) yokunxibelelana kwedatha yeprothokholi yedatha ngumaleko ongaphezulu weSalathiso seDatha esiDwelisiweyo esichazwe kwimodeli yosixhenxe yeOSI (umaleko 2). Inika iindlela zokuphindaphindeka kunye nokuhamba kweendlela ezenza ukuba kube lula ukuba iinkqubo ezininzi zenethiwekhi (i-IP, i-IPX) zihlale kunye kwinethiwekhi ye-multipoint kwaye zihanjiswe kwimithombo yeendaba efanayo.
Umaleko we-LLC osebenza njengonxibelelwano phakathi koLawulo lweMedia Access (MAC) kunye nocingo lwenethiwekhi. Iyafana kwimithombo yeendaba eyahlukeneyo yomzimba (njenge-Ethernet, umsesane wethokheni, kunye neWLAN

Ngokuzithoba,