Zofunikira pa Network

Zofunikira pa Network

• VPN: Virtual Private Network

Njira yosinthira kuti athe kuloza pamsewu pagulu

• VOIP: Voice over Internet Protocol

Kutumiza kwa kulankhulana kwamawu pa netiweki ya IP

o ntchito imasinthira mawu anu kukhala siginolo ya digito yomwe imayenda pa intaneti

• SAM: Woyang'anira Akaunti Yachitetezo

o Malo osungira omwe ali ndi akaunti yaogwiritsa ntchito komanso zotanthauzira zachitetezo pagulu la ogwira ntchito

• LAN: Network Yapafupi

Kulumikiza ma pc awiri kapena kupitilirapo ndi zida zina zofananira mdera lochepa

• MUNTHU: Metropolitan Area Network

Chachikulu kuposa LAN komanso chaching'ono kuposa WAN

• WAN: Lonse Area Network

o Ankalumikiza ma LAN pamodzi

• MAC: Kuwongolera kwakanema

o Woyang'anira ma hardware

• Dzinalo

           O ndi dzina la webusayiti la ex: www.WE.net lotchedwa Domain name.

• Dzina Server: 

o Ndi seva yomwe ili ndi mafayilo a Zone amtundu wa kasitomala omwe amaphatikizapo chidziwitso chofunikira cha domain ngati (A & MX marekodi).

• Seva Yobwezeretsa:

o Ndi seva yomwe ili ndi mafayilo a FTP a kasitomala ndipo amatha kugawidwa kapena kupezeka.

• Seva yamakalata:

o Ndi seva yomwe kasitomala ayenera kukhala nayo ngati akufuna kupanga maimelo pansi pake kuti akhale ex. ([imelo ndiotetezedwa])

• HTML: Chilankhulo Chosinthana

o Ndi nambala yosavuta yopanga masamba awebusayiti onse ngati chilichonse chomwe tsambali lapanga chimatumiza zidziwitso ku mtundu wa html

• NAT: kumasulira kwa adilesi yama netiweki

o Ndikutanthauzira kwa adilesi ya Internet ProtocolAdilesi ya IP) imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa netiweki ina ku adilesi ina ya IP yomwe imadziwika mu netiweki imodzi, netiweki imodzi imadziwika kuti ndi netiweki yamkati ndipo inayo ndi yakunja. Nthawi zambiri, kampani imalemba mapu ake apakompyuta kukhala amodzi kapena angapo padziko lonse lapansi kunja kwa ma adilesi a IP ndikutulutsa ma adilesi apadziko lonse lapansi pamapaketi omwe akubwera kubwerera kuma adilesi aku IP. Izi zimathandizira kuti mukhale otetezeka popeza pempho lililonse lomwe likutuluka kapena likubwera liyenera kumasulira lomwe limapatsanso mwayi woyenerera kapena kutsimikizira pempholo kapena kuligwirizana ndi zomwe mudapempha kale. NAT imasunganso kuchuluka kwa ma adilesi apadziko lonse lapansi omwe kampani ikufuna ndipo imalola kampaniyo kugwiritsa ntchito adilesi imodzi ya IP polumikizana ndi dziko lapansi.

• Kusiyanitsa pakati pa theka duplex ndi duplex yathunthu

o Duplex

• Momwe ma modem amasinthira deta: theka duplex kapena duplex yathunthu. Ndi theka duplex transmissions, modem imodzi yokha imatha kutumiza deta nthawi imodzi. Kutulutsa kwathunthu kwa duplex kumalola ma modem onse kutumiza deta nthawi imodzi.

o Gawo lachiwiri

• Njira imathandizira zida zapaintaneti kutumiza deta njira imodzi nthawi imodzi, kutanthauza kuti zida zonse zapaintaneti sizingatumize deta nthawi yomweyo. Zili ngati walkie-talkie, ndi munthu m'modzi yekha amene amatha kuyankhula nthawi imodzi.

o Kubwereza kwathunthu

• Imathandizira zida ziwiri zapaintaneti kutumiza deta nthawi imodzi ndipo zimathandizira magwiridwe antchito. Zili ngati kuyimbira foni mnzanu pogwiritsa ntchito foni kapena foni, nonse mutha kulankhulana komanso kumvana nthawi imodzi.

• Kusiyanitsa pakati pa ma analog ndi ma digito.

o Zizindikiro za Analog

• Gwiritsani ntchito mafunde amagetsi mosinthasintha mosalekeza kuti mubweretse deta yomwe ikutumizidwa. Popeza deta imatumizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde osinthasintha mu dongosolo la analog, ndizovuta kwambiri kuchotsa phokoso ndi zosokoneza pamawayilesi. Pachifukwa ichi, ma siginolo a analog sangakwanitse kutumiza ma data apamwamba.

o Zizindikiro zamagetsi

• Gwiritsani ntchito zingwe zamtundu wamabuku (0 ndi 1) kuti mupange deta yomwe imafalitsidwa. Phokoso ndi zosokoneza sizikhala ndi zotsatira zochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kufalitsa kwachidziwitso kwapamwamba kuthekere. Kutumiza kwa digito kwa INS-Net kwapamwamba kwambiri kuli kothandiza kwambiri pakufalitsa pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta popeza makompyuta omwewo amagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiritso zaku digito pokonza zidziwitso.

• Kusiyana pakati pa Firewalls & Proxy

o Chowotcha moto

• Gawo lamakompyuta kapena netiweki yomwe imateteza makinawa poletsa mwayi wosaloledwa pa intaneti. Seva wololera ndi mtundu umodzi wamatabwa.

o Basic Firewall Ntchito

• Chowotcha chimagwira ntchito pofufuza paketi iliyonse yazidziwitso zomwe zimatumizidwa pakati pamakompyuta otetezedwa ndi makompyuta kunja kwa netiweki yakomweko. Mapaketi omwe sagwirizana ndi malamulo ena ndi otsekedwa.

o Mitundu ina ya Firewall

• Mawotchi ambiri ndi mapulogalamu a pulogalamu m'malo mwa makompyuta osiyana ngati seva ya proxy. Pulogalamuyo imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa intaneti pamakompyuta ndipo imalola kapena kukana mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito malamulo omwe wogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito.

o Seva ya Proxy

• Seva wothandizila ndi kompyuta yomwe imakhala pakati pa netiweki yapafupi ndi intaneti yonse. Kufikira konse kwa netiweki kuyenera kudutsa pa seva iyi.

o Ubwino wa tidzakulowereni

• Chifukwa magalimoto onse otetezedwa amayenera kudutsa pa seva ya proxy, ogwiritsa ntchito akunja sangathe kupeza ma adilesi apakompyuta omwe ali mumaneti, zomwe zimawonjezera chitetezo china.

o Zoyipa za tidzakulowereni

• Mwini wake wa seva ya proxy amatha kuwona kuchuluka kwamagalimoto pakati pa netiweki ndi intaneti yakunja, zomwe zimatha kuletsa chinsinsi cha ogwiritsa ntchito payekha. Komanso, ma proxy seva amafunikira kukhazikitsa kwakukulu ndipo motero sizothandiza pamakompyuta amodzi.

• Chiwerengero cha phokoso ndi phokoso

o (Nthawi zambiri chidule cha SNR kapena S / N) ndiyeso yodziwitsa kuchuluka kwa chizindikirocho phokoso. Amatanthauzidwa ngati kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yamphamvu ku phokoso lamphamvu lomwe lingawononge chizindikirocho.

o Chiwerengero chimayesedwa ndi ma decibel (dB).

o Ndi chiyani: SNR Margin ndi Line Attenuation? Kodi zimathandiza kudziwa mzere wanga?

SNR
SNR imatanthauza Signal to Phokoso Ratio. Mwachidule gawani Phindu la Chizindikiro ndi Phokoso la Phokoso ndipo mupeza SNR. Muyenera SNR yayikulu kuti mugwirizane bwino. Mwambiri, chizindikiro chokwera pakulankhula kwa phokoso chimabweretsa zolakwika zochepa.
• 6bB. kapena pansipa = Yoyipa ndipo sadzakumana ndi kulumikizana kwa mzere ndikudulidwa pafupipafupi
• 7dB-10dB. = Wabwino koma samasiya malo ambiri pakusintha kwazikhalidwe.
• 11dB-20dB. = Zabwino ndi zovuta zazing'ono kapena zosadukiza
• 20dB-28dB. = Zabwino
• 29dB. kapena pamwambapa = Yopambana

Dziwani kuti ma modemu ambiri amawonetsa mtengo ngati SNR Margin osati SNR yoyera.

Malire a SNR
Mutha kuganiza za malire a SNR ngati muyeso wautumiki; imafotokozera kuthekera kwa ntchito kuti igwire zolakwika pakamveka phokoso.

Ichi ndi gawo la kusiyana pakati pa SNR yanu yapano ndi SNR yomwe ikufunika kuti musunge ntchito yodalirika pa liwiro lanu lolumikizana. Ngati SNR yanu ili pafupi kwambiri ndi SNR yocheperako, mumakhala ovuta kulumikizana, kapena kutsika pang'ono. Muyenera kukhala ndi malire okwanira kuti muwonetsetse kuti ziphuphu sizingayambitse kudumphadumpha.

Ndikutambasula kwachikhalidwe, kukwera kwa SNR Margin, kumakhala bwino. Ndi MaxDSL kuthamanga kwachangu kumangopezeka ngati malonda ndi zomwe mzere wanu ungakuthandizireni modalirika. Target SNR Margin ili pafupi 6dB. Ngati burodibandi yanu imaperekedwa kudzera pa netiweki ya LLU (Local Loop Unbundled), chandamale ichi cha SNR Marg chingakhale chachikulu ngati 12dB.

• Mzere Attenuation

Mwambiri, kuchepa ndikutayika kwa chizindikiro patali. Tsoka ilo, kutayika kwa dB sikudalira mtunda wokha. Zimatengera mtundu wa chingwe ndi gauge (yomwe imatha kusiyanasiyana kutalika kwa chingwe), nambala ndi malo ena olumikizira chingwe.

o 20bB. Ndi pansipa = Yopambana

o 20dB-30dB. = Zabwino

o 30dB-40dB. = Zabwino kwambiri

o 40dB-50dB. = Zabwino

o 50dB-60dB. = Osauka ndipo atha kukhala ndi vuto lolumikizana

o 60dB. Ndipo pamwambapa = Zoyipa ndipo mudzakumana ndi zovuta zolumikizana

Kuchepetsa mzere kumakhudzanso liwiro lanu.

o 75 dB +: Kutuluka kwa burodibandi

o 60-75 dB: max kuthamanga mpaka 512kbps

o 43-60dB: max imathamanga mpaka 1Mbps

o 0-42dB: lifulumira mpaka 2Mbps +

Poganiza kuti SNR yanu ndiyotsika, mutha kuchita zotsatirazi kuti muwonjezere SNR yanu ndi izi:

• Dziwani komwe foni yolowera m'nyumba mwanu
• Tsatirani njira yonse yobwerera ku bokosi lolumikizirana
• Onani ngati chingwecho chili bwino - osatopa kwambiri, osawotcherera, waya sudutsa pamawaya amagetsi kapena zingwe za satellite.
• Pa bokosi lolumikizirana, yang'anani kulumikizana. Kodi yadzaza, yokhala ndi oxidized? Ngati inde, zilembeni.

• Kusiyanitsa pakati pa RJ11 & RJ45

o RJ

• Jack yolembetsedwa ndiyokhazikitsidwa mwakuthupi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe- zomangamanga zonse za jekeseni ndi njira yolumikizira - yolumikiza matelefoni kapena zida zama data pantchito yoperekedwa ndi a chonyamulira chakumaloko or chonyamulira mtunda wautali.

o RJ11

• Mtundu wamba wa jack womwe umakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza mafoni a analogue, ma modem ndi makina a fakisi kulumikizana.

o RJ45

• Kodi ndi cholumikizira cholumikizira zingwe zama netiweki. Ma RJ45 zolumikizira amapezeka kwambiri ndi Efanetizingwe ndi maukonde.
• Zowonjezera RJ45 zimakhala ndi zikhomo zisanu ndi zitatu momwe zingwe zama waya zamagetsi zimathandizira. Ma pinout a RJ-45 amafotokozera momwe zingwe zama waya zimafunikira pakalumikiza zolumikizira ndi chingwe.

• Chingwe cha Ethernet - Chithunzi Chojambula

Zithunzi zosanjikiza zazingwe zamitundu iwiri ya zingwe za UTP Ethernet ndikuwonera momwe makomiti angapangire chidebe cha mphutsi mwa iwo. Nayi zithunzi:

o Dziwani kuti zikhomo za TX (transmitter) zimalumikizidwa ndi zikhomo za RX (receiver), kuphatikiza kuphatikiza ndikuchotsera. Ndipo kuti mugwiritse ntchito chingwe cha crossover kulumikiza mayunitsi okhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana. Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito chingwe chowongoka, imodzi mwamagawo awiriwo iyenera kugwira ntchito yopingasa.

o Miyezo iwiri yamawaya yama code imagwira ntchito: EIA / TIA 568A ndi EIA / TIA 568B. Zizindikirozi zimawonetsedwa ndi ma jacks a RJ-45 motere (malingalirowa akuchokera kutsogolo kwa ma jacks):

o Tikamagwiritsa ntchito nambala ya 568A ndikuwonetsa mawaya onse asanu ndi atatu, zikhomo zathu zimawoneka motere:

o Dziwani kuti zikhomo 4, 5, 7, ndi 8 ndipo awiriawiri a buluu ndi bulauni sagwiritsidwa ntchito mulingo uliwonse. Mosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe mungawerenge kwinakwake, zikhomo ndi mawaya awa sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito kapena kufunikira kukhazikitsa kubwereza kwa 100BASE-TX-zimangowonongeka chabe.

o Komabe, zingwe zenizeni sizovuta kwenikweni. Muzojambula, mawaya awiri a lalanje sali pafupi. Awiriwo ndi atawondetsa. Mapeto akumanja amafanana ndi ma jacks a RJ-45 ndipo malekezero akumanzere satero. Mwachitsanzo, ngati titapotoza mbali yakumanzere ya chingwe “chowongoka” cha 568A kuti chikugwirizana ndi 568A jack – ikani kupindika kwa 180 ° mu chingwe chonse kuchokera kumapeto mpaka kumapeto- ndikupotoza palimodzi ndikukonzanso mapaundi oyenera, timapeza zotsatirazi:

o Izi zikugogomezeranso, ndikhulupilira, kufunikira kwa mawu oti "kupotoza" pakupanga zingwe zama netiweki zomwe zitha kugwira ntchito. Simungagwiritse ntchito chingwe cholumikizira chingwe cholumikizira. Kuphatikiza apo, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe zopindika kuti mugwirizane ndi zikhomo zotumizira kuzipangizo zawo zolandirira. Simungagwiritse ntchito waya kuchokera pagulu limodzi ndi waya wina kuchokera pagulu lina.

Pokumbukira mfundo zapamwambazi, titha kusintha chithunzithunzi cha chingwe cha 568A chowongoka powotchera mawaya, kupatula 180 ° kupotoza chingwe chonse, ndikukhotetsa malekezero m'mwamba. Momwemonso, ngati titha kusinthanitsa mitundu iwiri yobiriwira ndi yalanje mu chithunzi cha 568A tidzapeza chithunzi chosavuta cha chingwe cha 568B chowongoka. Tikadutsa awiriawiri obiriwira ndi lalanje mu chithunzi cha 568A tidzafika pachithunzi chosavuta cha chingwe cha crossover. Zonse zitatuzi zikuwonetsedwa pansipa.

Kutumiza kwachangu kwa Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6 network cable

Mphaka 5 ndi Cat 5e zingwe za UTP zitha kuthandizira 10/100/1000 Mbps Ethernet. Ngakhale chingwe cha Cat 5 chitha kuthandizira pamlingo winawake ku Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps), imagwira pansi pamiyeso pamitundu yosinthira kwambiri.

Chingwe cha Cat 6 UTP chimapangidwa molunjika pa Gigabit Ethernet ndikumbuyo komwe kumagwirizana ndi 10/100 Mbps Ethernet. Imagwira bwino ndiye chingwe cha Cat 5 chokhala ndi chiwongola dzanja chachikulu komanso vuto locheperako. Ngati mukufuna kukhala ndi netiweki ya Gigabit, yang'anani zingwe za Cat 5e kapena Cat 6 UTP.

o    Pulogalamus:

• Protocol imatanthauzira malamulo wamba ndi zizindikiritso zomwe makompyuta pa netiweki amagwiritsa ntchito polumikizana.
• Mtundu wa TCP / IP, kapena pulogalamu yapa intaneti
• Imafotokozera masanjidwe apangidwe ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zina zogwiritsa ntchito netiweki kuti makompyuta azilumikizana pa netiweki
• TCP / IP imapereka malumikizidwe omalizira kutanthauzira momwe deta iyenera kuyankhulidwira, kufalikira, kuyendetsedwa ndikulandila komwe akupita
• TCP: protocol yowongolera kufalitsa
• Kupereka deta odalirika
• UDP: pulogalamu yogwiritsa ntchito datagram
• Imalola zithunzi kusinthana popanda kuvomereza

•  IP: Internet Protocol

IP ndi adilesi ya kompyuta kapena chida china chilichonse pa netiweki yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito IP kapena TCP / IP. Mwachitsanzo, nambala "166.70.10.23" ndi chitsanzo cha adilesi yotere. Maadiresi awa ndi ofanana ndi ma adilesi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba ndikuthandizira deta kufikira komwe ingafike pa netiweki.
Pali ma adilesi angapo a IP omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena omwe amapatsidwa pa netiweki. Mwachitsanzo:
166.70.10.0 0 ndi adilesi yomwe idaperekedwa yokha.
166.70.10.1 1 ndi adilesi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chipata.
166.70.10.2 2 ndi adilesi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pachipata.
166.70.10.255 255 imasankhidwa pamanetiweki ambiri ngati adilesi yofalitsa

• DHCP: Dynamic host host kasinthidwe

• Nambala ya doko

- Kasitomala wa DHCP 546 / TCP UDP

- Seva ya DHCP 546 / TCP UDP

• Imalola seva kugawa mwamphamvu ma adilesi a IP ndipo pali zambiri zambiri zomwe seva ya DHCP ingapereke kwa wolandila pomwe wolandirayo akufunsanso adilesi ya IP kuchokera ku seva ya DHCP monga adilesi ya IP, subnet mask, gateway yokhazikika, DNS, dzina lamsanja , Zambiri.

• DNS: dzina la mayina (seva)

o Wopeza zida

Kuthetsa dzina la alendo ku IPs ndi anzeru ena

o Khazikitsani dzina loyenera (FQDN)

O Amakhala ndi:

• Mbiri: sungani dzina lamasamba ku adilesi ya IP
• Mbiri ya MX: sungani seva yamakalata ku adilesi ya IP
• Mbiri ya PTR: moyang'anizana ndi mbiri ya A ndi MX, Sinthani adilesi ya IP ku dzina la mayina kapena seva yamakalata

• PPP: Yerekezerani ku Protocol ya Point

o Pulogalamu yomwe imalola makompyuta kulumikizana ndi intaneti kudzera pa kulumikizana kozungulira ndikusangalala ndi maubwino ambiri olumikizidwa mwachindunji; kuphatikiza kuthekera kothana ndi mawonekedwe am'mbuyo monga ma Browser Internet. PPP nthawi zambiri imawerengedwa kuti ndiyoposa SLIP, chifukwa imakhala ndi kuzindikira kosazindikira, kupanikizika kwa data, ndi zina mwa njira zamakono zolumikizirana zomwe SLIP ilibe.

• PPPoE: Yaloza kuloza protocol pa Ethernet

o Pulogalamu yapaintaneti yokhoterera mkati mwa mafelemu a Ethernet.

o Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ndi ntchito za DSL pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito payekha ma network a Ethernet.

• SMTP: protocol yosavuta yosinthira makalata

o Nambala ya Port 25 / TCP UDP

Ogwiritsa ntchito kutumiza makalata (akutuluka)

• POP3: positi ofesi

o Nambala ya Port 110 / TCP

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulandira makalata (omwe akubwera)

• FTP: fayilo yotumiza protocol

o Nambala ya Port 21 / TCP

Tiyeni titumize mafayilo ndipo amatha kupanga izi pakati pa makina awiri aliwonse

o FTP sikuti ndi pulogalamu chabe, ndiyonso pulogalamu

o Monga: gwirani fayilo ntchito pamanja

o Ikuloleza kufikira kuzowongolera zonse & mafayilo

Ndizotetezedwa kotero kuti ogwiritsa ntchito akuyenera kulowetsedweratu (otetezedwa ndi dzina laogwiritsa ntchito ndi chinsinsi chomwe chimayendetsedwa ndi oyang'anira makina kuti asaletse kufikira)

o FTP ndi njira yomwe muyenera kuganizira ngati mukufuna kutumiza ndi kulandira mafayilo akulu (chifukwa ma ISP ambiri samalola mafayilo akulu kuposa 5 MB kutumiziridwa maimelo)

FTP imathamanga kuposa maimelo, chomwe ndi chifukwa china chogwiritsira ntchito ftp potumiza kapena kulandira mafayilo akulu

• SNMP: pulogalamu yosavuta yoyang'anira netiweki

o Nambala ya doko 161 / UDP

o Sonkhanitsani ndikuwongolera zambiri zamtaneti

Kapena imagwiritsa ntchito maukadaulo a TCP / IP ndi IPX.

• HTTP: protocol yosamutsa hypertext

o Nambala ya Port 80 / TCP

o Mulingo wogwiritsa ntchito, umagwiritsidwa ntchito pobweza zida zolumikizidwa zotchedwa zolemba za hyper pakukhazikitsidwa kwa World Lonse Web

o HTTP /1.0 imagwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kwapadera pachikalata chilichonse

HTTP /1.1 itha kugwiritsanso ntchito kulumikizana komweko kutsitsa.

• LDAP: zolembera zolembera zochepa 

o Nambala ya Port 389 / TCP

o Ndondomeko kwa makasitomala kuti afunse ndikuwongolera zambiri pazosungitsa chikwatu cholumikizira TCP doko 389

• OSPF: tsegulani njira yayifupi kwambiri choyamba

o Amakhala ndi madera ndi machitidwe odziyimira pawokha

o Kuchepetsa njira zosinthira magalimoto

Amalola scalability

o Ali ndi ziwerengero zopanda malire

o Amalola kutumiza kwa ogulitsa ambiri (zotseguka)

o Thandizani VLSM

• ISDN: Ntchito zophatikiza zama digito

o Wadziko lonse lapansi aya muyezo potumiza mawu, kanemandipo deta pafoni zamagetsi kapena zingwe zabwinobwino zamafoni. Kutumiza & Malipiro zogwiriziza mitengo yosamutsira deta wa 64 Kbps (64,000 Akamva pamphindi).

Pali mitundu iwiri ya ISDN:

o    Chiyankhulo Choyambira (BRI) - ili ndi ziwiri 64-Kbps B-njira Ndi chimodzi D-njira pofalitsa zambiri zowongolera.

o    Chiyankhulo Choyambirira (PRI) - ili ndi njira 23 B ndi njira imodzi ya D-US (US) kapena 30 B-njira ndi D-channel imodzi (Europe).

o Mtundu woyambirira wa ISDN umagwiritsa ntchito Kutumiza kwa baseband. Mtundu wina, wotchedwa B-ISDN, imagwiritsa ntchito kufalikira kwa ma burodibandi ndipo imatha kuthandizira kuchuluka kwa ma 1.5 Mbps. B-ISDN imafuna zingwe zama fiber ndipo sichipezeka kwambiri.

• Mzere wotsogozedwa

o Ndi foni yomwe yabwerekedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito payokha, M'malo ena, amatchedwa mzere wodzipereka. Mzere wobwereketsa nthawi zambiri umasiyanitsidwa ndi switched line kapena dial-up line.

o Nthawi zambiri, makampani akuluakulu amabwereka mizere yobwereka kuchokera kwa omwe amanyamula mafoni (monga AT&T) kuti alumikizane ndi madera osiyanasiyana pakampani yawo. Njira ina ndikugula ndikusunga mizere yawo yachinsinsi kapena, mwina, kusinthana, kugwiritsa ntchito mizere yaboma yokhala ndi ma protocol otetezedwa. (Izi zimatchedwa tunneling).

• Mzere wapafupi

• Mu telephony, kuzungulira komweko ndikulumikizana kwa waya kuchokera ku kampani yamafoni ofesi yayikulum'malo mwa mafoni a makasitomala kunyumba ndi mabizinesi. Kugwirizana kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumakhala pama waya amkuwa otchedwa awiri opotoka. Makinawa adapangidwa koyambirira kuti azitha kutumizira mawu pogwiritsa ntchito Analog ukadaulo wotumizira pa njira imodzi yamawu. Lero, kompyuta yanu modem imapangitsa kutembenuka pakati pa ma analog ndi ma digito. Ndi Integrated Services Intaneti NetworkChidziwitso) kapena Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), kuzungulira komweko kumatha kunyamula ma digito molunjika komanso pamtunda wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa momwe amachitira ndi mawu okha.
• 

• mapulogalamu aukazitape

o Mtundu waumbanda womwe ungayikiridwe makompyuta, Ndi ndani amene amasonkhanitsa uthenga zazing'onozing'ono za ogwiritsa ntchito osadziwa? Kukhalapo kwa mapulogalamu aukazitape kumabisidwa kwa wogwiritsa ntchito, ndipo kumakhala kovuta kuti muwone. Nthawi zambiri, mapulogalamu aukazitape amaikidwa mwachinsinsi pawogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta yanu. Nthawi zina, komabe, ma spywares mongachinsinsi Odula mitengo amaikidwa ndi mwiniwake wamagulu omwe agawana nawo, kapena kompyuta pagulu mwadala kuti muwunikire mwachinsinsi ogwiritsa ntchito ena.

Ngakhale mawu akuti spyware akuwonetsa mapulogalamu omwe amayang'anira mwachinsinsi makina a wogwiritsa ntchito, ntchito zaukazitape zimangopitilira kuwunika kosavuta. Mapulogalamu aukazitape amatha kusonkhanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zambiri zanu, monga zizolowezi zapaintaneti ndi mawebusayiti omwe adachezeredwa, koma amathanso kusokoneza kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta m'njira zina, monga kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu ena ndikuwongolera Wosakatula Webusaiti ntchito. Mapulogalamu aukazitape amadziwika kuti amasintha makompyuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwamalumikizidwe, masamba osiyanasiyana, ndi / kapena kutayika kwa Internet kulumikizana kapena magwiridwe antchito ena. Poyesa kukulitsa kumvetsetsa kwa mapulogalamu aukazitape, mtundu wina wamapulogalamu omwe amaphatikizidwa umaperekedwa ndi mawuwo mapulogalamu osokoneza bongo.

Poyankha kutulutsa mapulogalamu aukazitape, kampani yaying'ono yakhala ikugwira ntchito odana ndi mapulogalamu aukazitape mapulogalamu. Kuthamanga pulogalamu yotsutsa-spyware yakhala chinthu chodziwika bwino cha chitetezo cha makompyuta kwa makompyuta, makamaka omwe akuthamanga Microsoft Windows. Maulamuliro angapo akhazikitsa malamulo odana ndi mapulogalamu aukazitape, omwe nthawi zambiri amawunikira mapulogalamu aliwonse omwe amaikidwa mwakachetechete kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito kompyuta ya wogwiritsa ntchito.

o Universal Serial Bus (USB)

o Universal Serial Bus (USB) ndi njira yolumikizira yolumikizidwa ndi Intel mogwirizana ndi atsogoleri amakampani. USB imalola kulumikizana kwapamwamba kwambiri, kosavuta kwa zotumphukira ku PC. Mukalowetsedwa, zonse zimasintha zokha. USB ndiyolumikizana bwino kwambiri m'mbiri yamakompyuta anu ndipo yasamukira zamagetsi zamagetsi (CE) ndi zinthu zamagetsi.

o Mfundo Zofunikira

• Kuthamanga kwakwezedwa pagome pamwambapa kumawerengedwa ndi Kilobyte (8 bit = 1 byte).
• Kuthamanga kotsitsa pagome pamwambapa kumawerengedwa ndi Kilobyte (KB).

•  Zipangizo Zamtundu

•   Pankakhala

o Mtundu wanzeru kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti.

Gwiritsani ntchito wosanjikiza (wosanjikiza 1).

o Amatenga deta padoko limodzi kenako ndikumatumiza kuchokera padoko lina lililonse, ndiye kuti chidziwitso chilichonse chomwe chimatumizidwa kapena kulandiridwa ndi PC iliyonse pa Hub chimafalikira ku PC ina iliyonse, izi ndizoyipa pachitetezo.

Amagwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa mabandi pa netiweki, popeza makompyuta amayenera kulandira deta yomwe safuna.

• Sinthani (Bridge)

o Mtundu wanzeru kwambiri wamaintaneti.

o Multi-Port Bridge imagwira ntchito yolumikizira deta (wosanjikiza 2).

Dziwani ma adilesi a MAC a PC iliyonse, chifukwa chake deta ikabwera mu Sinthani imangotumiza zidziwitso ku doko lomwe linaperekedwa ku adilesi ya MAC yamakompyuta.

o Lowani makompyuta angapo limodzi muntaneti imodzi yapafupi (LAN) kapena netiweki yomweyo.

o Sinthani amasunga mulingo wa Band band komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino kuposa Hub.

• rauta

o Mtundu wanzeru kwambiri pazida zochezera.

Gwiritsani ntchito pamtanda wosanjikiza (wosanjikiza 3).

o Router imatha kuwerenga adilesi ya IP ya PC iliyonse ndi netiweki iliyonse, kotero rauta imatha kutenga gulu lamagalimoto lamkati kuti lipite pa intaneti ndikuyiyendetsa kuchokera netiweki yanu yamkati kupita netiweki yakunja.

Lowani ma netiweki angapo kapena opanda zingwe palimodzi, kutanthauza kuti kumalumikiza ma network ngati Gate way.

• Obwereza

o Wobwereza ndi zida zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zithe kupitirira kutalika kwakutali kokhazikitsidwa ndi muyezo wa netiweki. Kuti ichitike imakweza ndikubwezeretsanso chizindikiro chamagetsi.

Chimathanso kukhazikitsa gawo lomwe likulephera (mwachitsanzo Chingwe chotseguka) ndikusintha ma media awiri a Ethernet. (Mwachitsanzo 10base2 kulowera 10BaseT). Kugwiritsa ntchito komaliza kumene pakali pano ndikofunikira kwambiri.

• DSLAM: Olembetsa a Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer

o Ndi chida chapa netiweki, chomwe chimakhala posinthana foni ndi omwe akukuthandizani

o Amalumikiza mizere ingapo yamakasitomala olembetsera digito (DSLs) ku Single-High - Speed ​​Internet back bone line pogwiritsa ntchito njira zama multiplexing.

Malinga ndi OSI - Layer Model, DSLAM imakhala ngati switch yayikulu, chifukwa chake imagwira ntchito pazosanjikiza 2, chifukwa chake siyingabwezeretse magalimoto pakati pa netiweki zingapo za IP.

• modemu

o Modulator / Demodulator: modem imasintha (modulates) zambiri zama digito kukhala chizindikiritso cha analogue chomwe chitha kutumizidwa kudutsa foni. Ichotsanso chizindikiritso cha analogue chomwe imalandira kuchokera pa telefoni, ndikusintha zomwe zili mchizindikirocho kukhala zidziwitso zadijito.

• PSTN (netiweki yasintha pagulu)

o Ndi mndandanda wapadziko lonse lapansi wolumikizana wolumikizana ndi mawu, wamalonda komanso waboma, umatchedwanso Plain Old Telefoni Service (POTS). Ndiko kuphatikiza kwa mafoni osintha madera omwe asintha kuyambira masiku a Alexander Graham Bell ("Doctor Watson, bwerani kuno!"). Masiku ano, ili ndiukadaulo kwathunthu kupatula kulumikizana komaliza kuchokera kuofesi yapakati (yakomweko) kupita kwa wogwiritsa ntchito.

Pokhudzana ndi intaneti, PSTN imapatsa mwayi wotalikirapo pa intaneti zomangamanga. Chifukwa othandizira pa intaneti ISPamalipira omwe amapereka maulendo akutali kuti athe kupeza zofunikira zawo ndikugawana ma circuits pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri kudzera pakiti-kusintha, ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti amapewa kulipira ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito kwa wina aliyense kupatula ma ISP awo.

• Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pa Broadband

o Nthawi zambiri amafupikitsidwa kuti "burodibandi" chabe, ndi kulumikizidwa kwakutali kwa data Intaneti - Amasiyana kwambiri ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito Modemu 56k.

o Broadband nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "othamanga kwambiri" kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, chifukwa nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi chidziwitso chambiri chofalitsa. Mwambiri, kulumikizana kulikonse kwa kasitomala wa 256 Kbit / s (0.25 Mbit / s) kapena kupitilira apo kumawunikidwa mwachidule pa intaneti.

• Lingaliro la DSL

• DSL: mzere wolembetsa wama digito

O ndi ntchito yothamanga kwambiri pa intaneti ngati chingwe pa intaneti, DSL imapereka intaneti yothamanga kwambiri pama foni wamba pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa burodibandi, ukadaulo wa DSL umalola intaneti ndi mafoni kugwira ntchito pamzere womwewo osafunikira kuti makasitomala adule mawu awo kapena intaneti malumikizidwe.

   

o Pali mitundu iwiri ya njira za DSL

Zosakanikirana: ADSL, RADSL, VDSL

o Zofananira: SDSL, HDSL, SHDSL

• ADSL: mzere wolembetsa wa digito osafanana

o Amapereka mitengo yaying'ono kwambiri kutsika kwakanthawi kuposa njira yakwezeka

ADSL imagawaniza chiwongolero cha chingwe chopindika (MHZ imodzi) m'magulu atatu

Gulu la 1 pakati pa 0 - 25 KHZ imagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka mafoni pafupipafupi (4 KHZ) ndipo enawo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gulu loyang'anira kuti lizisiyanitsa kanema wawayilesi ndi njira yachidziwitso

o Gulu lachiwiri 2 - 25 KHZ

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikizana kumtunda

o Gulu lachitatu 3 - 200 KHZ imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikizana kumunsi

• RADSL: mitengo yolembetsa yamafuta osasintha ya digito

o Tekinoloje yozikidwa pa ADSL, imalola kuchuluka kwa ma data kutengera mtundu wa mawu olumikizirana, deta, matumizidwe ophatikizika amawu, nyimbo ndi zina zotero

• HDSL: kuchuluka pang'ono kwa DSL

HDSL imagwiritsa ntchito encoding ya 2 ya BIQ yomwe sichimatha kutetezedwa

o Kuchuluka kwa data ndi 2 Mbps kungapezeke popanda obwereza komanso mpaka 3.6 Km

HDSL imagwiritsa ntchito zingwe ziwiri zopindika kuti ikwaniritse kutulutsa kwaduplex.

• SDSL: DSL yofanana

Ndi chimodzimodzi ndi HDSL koma imagwiritsa ntchito chingwe chimodzi chopindika

o SDSL imagwiritsa ntchito kuchotsera kwa echo kuti ipange kufalitsa kwathunthu

• VDSL: mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa DSL

o Zofanana ndi ADSL

o Amagwiritsa ntchito coaxial, fiber CHIKWANGWANI kapena chingwe chopindika cha mtunda wautali (300m -1800m)

o Njira yosinthira mawu ndi DMT yokhala ndi mphindi 50 - 55 Mbps kutsika ndi 1.55 - 2.5 Mbps kumtunda

o Kusintha Magawo

• VPI ndi VCI: Chizindikiritso cha Virtual Path & Virtual Channel Identifier

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira komwe cell ikupita ikamadutsa pamasinthidwe angapo a ATM popita kumene ikupita

• PPPoE: Yaloza kuloza protocol pa Ethernet

o Ndi pulogalamu yapa netiweki yophatikizira point to point protocol (PPP) mkati mwa Mafelemu a Ethernet

o Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ndi ntchito za DSL pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito payekha ma network a Ethernet

• MTU: Chigawo Chachikulu Chakutumizira  

o Pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta, mawu akuti Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) amatanthauza kukula (mwa mabatani) a PDU yayikulu kwambiri yomwe njira yolumikizirana imatha kupitilira. Magawo a MTU nthawi zambiri amawoneka mogwirizana ndi njira yolumikizirana (NIC, doko loyeserera, ndi zina zambiri). MTU itha kukhazikitsidwa ndi miyezo (monga momwe zimakhalira ndi Ethernet) kapena kusankha nthawi yolumikizira (monga zimakhalira ndi maulalo aku point-to-point). MTU wokwera kwambiri umabweretsa kuchita bwino kwambiri chifukwa paketi iliyonse imakhala ndi zidziwitso zambiri za ogwiritsa ntchito pomwe ma protocol ambiri, monga mutu kapena kuchedwa kwa paketi kumakhalabe kosasunthika, ndipo magwiridwe antchito apamwamba amatanthauza kusintha pang'ono pakulowerera kwa protocol yambiri. Komabe, mapaketi akulu amatha kukhala ndi cholumikizira pang'onopang'ono kwakanthawi, kuchititsa kuchedwa kwakukulu kutsatira mapaketi ndikuwonjezera kutsalira komanso kuchepa kwanthawi. Mwachitsanzo, paketi ya 1500 byte, yayikulu kwambiri yololedwa ndi Ethernet pamaneti (ndipo chifukwa chake ambiri pa intaneti), imatha kumanga modemu ya 14.4k kwa sekondi imodzi.

• LLC: Logical Link Control

o Logical Link Control (LLC) yolumikizirana yolumikizira deta ndiye gawo lakumtunda kwa Data Link Layer lotchulidwa muzosanjikiza zisanu ndi ziwiri za OSI (wosanjikiza 2). Imapereka njira zochulukitsira komanso kuwongolera komwe kumapangitsa kuti ma network angapo (IP, IPX) azikhala limodzi ndi netiweki zingapo ndikunyamulidwa pa netiweki yomweyo.
Sub-layer ya LLC imagwira ntchito ngati mawonekedwe pakati pa Media Access Control (MAC) sub layer ndi network network. Ndizofanana ndi makanema osiyanasiyana (monga Ethernet, ring ring, ndi WLAN).