Networking Simplified - Mau oyamba a Protocol

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) katundu
Protocol iyi ndi njira yokhazikika komanso yovomerezeka yapaintaneti
Makina ambiri opangira maukonde amakono ndi maukonde akuluakulu amathandizira TCP/IP.
Ndiwonso gawo lalikulu la kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi imelo
Njira yolumikizirana kudzera (TCP/IP) imagawidwa m'magulu anayi, ndipo gawo lililonse la iwo
Mumagwira ntchito inayake.

Ma Protocol Layers (TCP/IP)
TCP/IP - zisanja

1- APPLICATION LAYER

((HTTP, FTP))

Zoyendera zosanjikiza 2 (TRANSPORT LAYER)

(TCP, UDP)

3- INTERNET LAYER

(IP, ICMP, IGMP, ARP))

4- NETWORK INTERFACE layer

(ATM, ETHERNET)

Kufotokozera kophweka padera:

1- APPLICATION LAYER

Pulogalamu ya pulogalamuyo ili pamtunda wapamwamba kwambiri mu TCP/IP protocol suite
Lili ndi mapulogalamu onse ndi zofunikira zomwe zimathandizira kupeza maukonde.
Ma protocol omwe ali mugawoli amagwira ntchito yoyambitsa ndikusinthana zambiri za ogwiritsa ntchito
Zitsanzo za ndondomeko ndi:

A- Hypertext Transfer Protocol

ndi chidule chake (HTTP).
Protocol ya HTTP imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusamutsa mafayilo omwe amapangidwa ndi masamba ndi masamba a intaneti, monga masamba a HTML.

b- File Transfer Protocol

chidule cha (FTP)
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusamutsa mafayilo pamaneti.

Zoyendera zosanjikiza 2 (TRANSPORT LAYER)

Gawoli limapereka mwayi wopempha ndikuwonetsetsa kulumikizana (pakati pa zida zolumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake).
Zina mwa zitsanzo zake:

A- Transmission control protocol

Chidule (TCP)

Ndi protocol yomwe imatsimikizira kubwera kwa transmitter
Ndi mtundu wogwirizana ndi kulumikizana ndipo uyenera kupanga gawo musanatumize deta pakati pa makompyuta.
Imatsimikiziranso kuti deta ikulandiridwa mu dongosolo ndi mawonekedwe olondola, chifukwa imafunika (Kuvomereza) chidziwitso kuchokera komwe mukupita.
Ngati deta sifika, TCP imatumizanso, ndipo ngati ilandilidwa, imatenga chiphaso cha (Kuvomereza) ndikuchita.
Tumizani gulu lotsatira ndi zina zotero....

B- User Datagram Protocol

Chidule (UDP)

Protocol iyi ndi ya mtundu wa Noconnection-Based
((connectionles)) kutanthauza:
Kulumikizana kosadalirika
- Sipanga gawo pakati pa makompyuta panthawi yolumikizana
Sizitsimikizira kuti deta idzalandiridwa monga momwe inatumizidwa

Mwachidule, ndizosiyana ndi TCP.
Komabe, protocol iyi ili ndi zabwino zomwe zimapangitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kukhala kofunikira nthawi zina
Monga potumiza gulu la anthu
Kapena pakufunika liwiro (Koma ndi liwiro lopanda kulondola pakutumiza!)
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusamutsa matumizidwe ophatikizika amawu, nyimbo ndi zithunzi monga zomvetsera, video
Chifukwa ndi media zomwe sizifuna kulondola pakufikira.
Ndiwothandiza kwambiri komanso mwachangu pakuchita

Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zofunika kwambiri zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale ndondomeko ya UDP
Kutumiza kudzera mu protocol iyi kumangofunika kunyamula pang'ono komanso nthawi
(Chifukwa mapaketi a UDP - UDP Datagram ilibe zonse zomwe zatchulidwa ndi TCP protocol kuyang'anira kufalikira.
Kuchokera pa zonsezi, tikhoza kuzindikira chifukwa chake amatchedwa kugwirizana kosavomerezeka.

3- INTERNET LAYER

Chigawochi chimakhala ndi udindo wokulunga mapaketi mumagulu a data (pakuyika).
Njira ndi Maadiresi

Chigawochi chili ndi ma protocol anayi:

A- Internet protocol -IP

b- Address Resolution Protocol -ARP

C- Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

D- Internet Group management protocol - IGMP

Tiyeni tifotokoze protocol iliyonse m'njira yosavuta:

A- Internet protocol -IP

Ndi imodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri chifukwa pali cholumikizira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsa kompyuta iliyonse pa netiweki nambala yakeyake.
Imatchedwa adilesi ya IP, ndipo ndi adilesi yapadera yomwe ilibe zofanana mu domain domain
IP imadziwika ndi:

Njira
Kuyika

Njira imayang'ana adilesi yomwe ili pa phukusi ndikuipatsa chilolezo kuti iyende pa netiweki.
Chilolezochi chili ndi nthawi yoikika (NTHAWI YOKHALA MOYO) Ngati nthawiyi itatha, paketiyo idzasungunuka ndipo sichidzayambitsanso kuchulukana mkati mwa netiweki.

Njira ya cleavage ndi repacking
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mitundu ina ya maukonde monga Token Ring ndi Ethernet
Chifukwa cha kufanana kwa chizindikirocho ndi mphamvu yotumizira ma siginecha, iyenera kugawanika ndikugwirizanitsanso.

b- Address Resolution Protocol -ARP

Ndi udindo wodziwa ma adilesi a IP ndikupeza Komwe Mukupita pogwiritsa ntchito adilesi ya MAC pa netiweki ya Kopita.
IP ikalandira pempho loti mulumikizane ndi kompyuta, nthawi yomweyo imapita ku ntchito ya ARP ndikufunsa za komwe adilesiyi ili pa intaneti.
Kenako protocol ya ARP imasaka adilesi yomwe ili m'makumbukidwe ake, ndipo ikaipeza, imapereka mapu olondola a adilesiyo.
Ngati kompyuta ili kutali (mu netiweki yakutali), ARP idzayendetsa IP ku rauta ya ROUTER.
Kenako rauta iyi imapereka pempho ku ARP kuti muwone adilesi ya MAC ya nambala ya IP.

4- NETWORK INTERFACE layer

Udindo woyika zomwe zikuyenera kutumizidwa pakati pa netiweki (NETWORK MEDIUM)
Ndi kuchilandira kuchokera kumbali yolandirako Kopita
Ili ndi zida zonse ndi zolumikizira zolumikizira zida pamanetiweki, monga:
Mawaya, zolumikizira, makadi a netiweki.
Lili ndi ma protocol omwe amafotokozera momwe mungatumizire data mu netiweki, monga:
-ATM
- Ethernet
- Chizindikiro cha mphete

((Ma adilesi)

Titaphunzira pulogalamuyo (magawo a TCP / IP)
Chida chilichonse pamanetiweki chimatha kukhala ndi mapulogalamu angapo (ntchito).
Kulumikizidwa ku pulogalamu ina, kapena kupitilira apo, komanso pazida zina zilizonse nthawi imodzi.
Kuti TCP / IP isiyanitse pakati pa pulogalamu imodzi ndi ina, iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimatchedwa Port.

Zambiri zokhudza doko
Ndi nambala yomwe imazindikiritsa kapena kuzindikiritsa pulogalamu mu netiweki.
Ndipo imatanthauzidwa pa TCP kapena pa UDP
Mtengo wa manambala operekedwa ku doko umachokera ku 0 (zero) mpaka manambala 65535
Palinso madoko angapo omwe adasungidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mapulogalamu kapena mapulogalamu odziwika bwino, monga:
FTP application Protocol yotengera data yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito port 20 kapena 21
Mapulogalamu a HTTP amagwiritsa ntchito port 80.