Menene cibiyoyin sadarwa?
Ƙarin bayani na cibiyoyin sadarwa
? menene sadarwar
Tsararren kwamfutoci ne da wasu na'urori
Wasu kuma ana danganta su da juna don raba albarkatu.
hanyar sadarwa
Yarjejeniyar dokokin sadarwa hanya ce ta musayar bayanai a cikin hanyar sadarwa
Dokokin ƙungiya ne da cibiyar sadarwa ke buƙata don taimakawa abubuwan ta daban
Don sadarwa da fahimtar juna.
nagartacce
Yana da ƙayyadaddun samfur wanda ke ba shi damar yin aiki
Ko da kuwa masana'antar da ta samar da ita,
Ya kasu kashi biyu:
1- a zahiri
2-juriya
de facto (a zahiri) ma'aunin:
Waɗannan su ne ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da aka ƙera
Ta cibiyoyin kasuwanci kuma sun kasu zuwa:
1- Bude tsarin.
2- An rufe tsarin.
Rufe tsarin:
Ana tilasta masu amfani da amfani da na'urori daga masana'anta ko kamfani ɗaya kawai
Kuma tsarin su ba zai iya magance na'urori daga wasu masana'antun ba (kuma wannan ya zama ruwan dare a cikina
saba'in da tamanin).
Bude tsarin:
Tare da ci gaba da yaduwar masana'antar kwamfuta, ya zama dole
Nemo ƙa'idodin da ke ba da damar na'urori daga masana'anta daban -daban su fahimta
A tsakanin, yana ba masu amfani damar amfani da na'urori daga kamfanoni da samfura da yawa.
de jure (ta doka) matsayin:
Waɗannan ƙayyadaddun bayanai ne waɗanda sanannun cibiyoyin hukuma suka tsara
((ginshiƙan asali))
daidaitawar layi
1- yawan magana
Na'urori biyu ne kaɗai ke haɗa ta layin sadarwa.
2- aya zuwa aya
Na'urori uku ko fiye suna raba layin sadarwa.
((topology na cibiyar sadarwa))
Shafin yanar gizo:
1- Tabbatar da yadda ake haɗa kwamfutoci da juna
2- (Topology na cibiyar sadarwa) yana nufin yadda ake yi
Haɗa kwamfutoci, wayoyi, da sauran abubuwan haɗin gwiwa don samar da hanyar sadarwa
3- Kalmar topology kuma ana kiranta jiki, zane
Shahararrun hanyoyin isar da sako sune:
1- Ruwa (
2- tauraro
3- itace (
4- bas ((bas))
5- zobe (
Za mu bayyana kowace hanya a taƙaice.
1- Ruwa (
An sifanta shi da adadi mai yawa na haɗi tsakanin na'urori
Akwai hanyar haɗi kai tsaye tare da kowace na'ura a cikin hanyar sadarwa
Babban fa'idar kurakuran tarihi shine tsabta.
2- tauraro
An sanya wa tauraruwata suna bayan siffar yadda ake gudanar da ita
Anan duk igiyoyin suna wucewa daga kwamfutoci zuwa mahimmin wuri
Maɓalli na tsakiya shi ake kira cibiya
Aikin cibiyar shine aika saƙonni zuwa duk kwamfutoci ko zuwa takamaiman kwamfuta
Za mu iya amfani da nau'i fiye da ɗaya a cikin wannan hanyar sadarwa.
Hakanan yana da sauƙi don gyara da ƙara sabuwar kwamfuta ba tare da katse hanyar sadarwa ba
Hakanan, gazawar kwamfuta a cikin hanyar sadarwar ba ta musanta ta
Amma lokacin da cibiya ta lalace, gaba ɗaya cibiyar sadarwar tana ƙasa.
Wannan hanyar kuma tana kashe wayoyi masu yawa.
3- itace (
An yi mata suna saboda yawan rassa
Anan zamu iya haɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na tauraro ta ƙara wata cibiya
Wannan shine yadda ake kafa cibiyar sadarwa na itace
4- bas ((bas))
An kira wannan saboda madaidaiciyar layi ce
Ana amfani dashi a cikin ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwa masu sauƙi
Tsarin wannan hanyar sadarwa ita ce haɗa kwamfutoci a jere tare da waya ɗaya
Ana kiranta kashin baya.
Wayar ba ta samar da wani ƙarfafawa ga siginar da aka aika daga wannan kwamfuta zuwa waccan.
Lokacin aika kowane sako daga kowace kwamfuta akan waya
Duk sauran kwamfutoci suna karɓar siginar, amma ɗaya ne kawai ke karɓa.
Kwamfuta daya ce aka yarda ta aika a lokaci guda
Mun karkare a nan cewa adadin na’urorin da ke cikinsa yana shafar saurin sa
Daya daga cikin mahimman kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a cikin wannan hanyar sadarwa
masu ƙarewa
Ana amfani da shi don ɗaukar sigina kuma a hana su sake nunawa.
5- zobe (
An yi masa suna saboda siffarsa, saboda muna haɗa na'urorin a cikin zobe
Anan a cikin wannan hanyar sadarwa, kowace kwamfuta tana haɗe da komputa na gaba a cikin sigar zobe ta hanya ɗaya
Ta yadda za a haɗa kwamfuta ta ƙarshe da kwamfutar farko
Kowace kwamfuta tana watsawa da aika bayanan da ta karɓa
Daga kwamfutar da ta gabata zuwa kwamfuta ta gaba
Cibiyoyin sadarwar zobe suna amfani da alamar
Saƙo ne gajere wanda ke ratsa hanyar sadarwar don canja wurin bayanai daga kwamfuta zuwa wata
Zamu iya zayyana hanyoyin sadarwa na cakuda ,,,
misali:
bas-star
Ta hanyar haɗa cibiyoyi da yawa zuwa kebul na bas
Hanyar canja wurin bayanai:
yanayin watsawa
Ana amfani da yanayin watsawa don ayyana shugabanci na zirga -zirga tsakanin na'urori biyu
Akwai iri uku:
1- simplex- guda-
2- rabi-biyu
3- cikakken duplex
Bari mu bayyana kowane nau'in daban.
1- simplex- guda-
Bayanai na wucewa tsakanin na'urori biyu ta hanya ɗaya kawai
Kamar kwamfuta —–> firinta
Scanner ——> Kwamfuta
2- rabi-biyu
Anan bayanai suna wucewa ta kowane bangare amma ba lokaci guda ba
Mafi kusa da ku shine, kamar: ((Assali da mai gadin yayi amfani da shi - baya iya magana da ji a lokaci guda))
3- cikakken duplex
Bayanai suna tafiya hanyoyi biyu a lokaci guda
Kamar: ((Mun yi yawo a Intanet - muna lilo da zazzage shirye -shirye da aika martani a lokaci guda))
((iyakokin cibiyoyin sadarwa))
Girman bashkat ya kasu zuwa:
cibiyar sadarwar gida
cibiyar sadarwa na yanki
cibiyoyin sadarwa na duniya
cibiyar sadarwar gida
A baya, ta ƙunshi ƙananan na'urori, wataƙila ba za su fi goma ba, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juna
Hakanan yana aiki a cikin iyakance sarari kamar ofis ko a cikin gini ɗaya ko gine -ginen da ke kusa
cibiyar sadarwa na yanki
Kamar fasahar sadarwar gida, amma saurin sa ya fi sauri
Domin yana amfani da fiber na gani a matsayin hanyar sadarwa
Yana rufe yanki mai fadi har zuwa kilomita 100.
cibiyoyin sadarwa na duniya
Haɗa hanyoyin sadarwar gida a cikin ƙasashe daban -daban
Ya kasu kashi biyu:
1- cibiyar sadarwa
Haɗin yana don rassan kamfani ɗaya a matakin ƙasa ko ƙasashe da yawa
2- network na duniya
Anan akwai cibiyoyi da yawa a cikin ƙasashe da yawa.
OSI MISALI
Buɗe Tsarin Haɗin Tsarin Tsarin
(Samfurin Hanyar Sadarwar Hanyar Sadarwa)
OSI ta rarrabe ayyuka daban -daban da ake buƙata a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa zuwa yadudduka masu aiki guda bakwai masu zaman kansu
Kowane Layer ya ƙunshi ayyukan cibiyar sadarwa da yawa, kayan aiki, ko ladabi
Bari mu kalli wadannan yadudduka:
1- jiki
2-hanyar haɗin bayanai
3- hanyar sadarwa
4- sufuri
5- zaman
6- gabatarwa
7- aikace-aikace
Layuka uku na farko - waɗanda aka sadaukar don canja wuri da musayar ragowa da bayanai -
Layer na huɗu - yana aiki azaman abin dubawa tsakanin ƙananan da manyan yadudduka
Ƙananan layuka uku - waɗanda aka sadaukar don aikace -aikacen mai amfani da shirye -shirye -
Bari mu ɗan yi bayanin kowane Layer:
1- jiki
ajin aji
Yana da alhakin watsa bayanai a ragowa
Wannan Layer yana ƙayyade ƙayyadaddun inji da lantarki
Tare da kebul da katin cibiyar sadarwa, yana kuma tantance yadda ake sadarwa tsakanin kebul da katin cibiyar sadarwa
2-hanyar haɗin bayanai
Layer mahada
Yana ƙayyade amincin bayanan da aka watsa
An haɗa fakiti da aka ba shi daga baya - na jiki - Layer.
Yana sarrafa kwararar bayanai kuma yana sake lalata bayanan da suka lalace
Ana aika umarni da bayanai ta hanyar firam.
(firam)
Wannan Layer yana raba bayanai zuwa firam
Wato, ta hanyar rarraba shaidar a cikin ƙananan sassa, ƙara kai da wutsiya zuwa gare ta
(Header da Vouter)
3- cibiyar sadarwa Layer cibiyar sadarwa
Alhakin ƙirƙirar hanya tsakanin kwamfutar tushe da kwamfutar da aka yi niyya
Alhakin magance saƙonni da fassarar adireshi da sunaye masu ma'ana
zuwa adireshin jiki wanda cibiyar sadarwa ke fahimta
4- sufuri
Layer sufuri
Kamar yadda aka ambata, shine abin da ke raba yadudduka masu fuskantar fuska daga yadudduka masu fuskantar cibiyar sadarwa
Layer ne wanda ke watsa bayanai kuma yana da alhakin isar da kuskure
Hakanan yana raba bayanan zuwa ƙananan sassa kuma yana tattara su a cikin na'urar karɓa
Yana da alhakin sanar da karɓa daga kwamfutar mai karɓa cewa an karɓi jigilar ba tare da kuskure ba
A taƙaice, yana aiki don tabbatar da cewa an isar da bayanin kyauta ba tare da kurakurai ba kuma cikin madaidaicin tsari
5- zaman
Layer Taɗi
Wannan Layer yana kafa sadarwa tsakanin kwamfutoci kuma yana lura da wannan sadarwa da adadin bayanan da aka watsa
Kuma bincika kalmomin shiga don haɗi
Hakanan yana ƙara wuraren tunani zuwa bayanan .. don a aika bayanan lokacin
Cibiyar sadarwa za ta dawo aiki daga inda aka katse watsawa.
6- gabatarwa
Layer gabatarwa
Wannan Layer yana matsewa, yankewa da ɓoye bayanan
7- aikace-aikace
Layer aikace -aikace
Babban aji ne
Yana sarrafa sadarwa tsakanin aikace -aikacen kwamfuta
Hakanan yana taimakawa tare da canja wurin fayil, sabis na bugawa, sabis na samun bayanai
nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai na cibiyar sadarwa
kafofin watsa labarai shine matsakaici na zahiri da ake amfani da shi don watsa sigina
Ana iya raba shi zuwa nau'i biyu:
1-guduwa
2- marasa shiryarwa
((1-gudu))
Nau'in farko ya kasu kashi uku:
1- karkatacciyar keyar piar
2- kebul na coaxial
3- kebul na fiber-optic
1- karkatacciyar keyar piar
murɗaɗɗen kebul
Yana amfani da wayoyin jan ƙarfe fiye da ɗaya don watsa sigina
Yana da nau'i biyu:
1- guntun doki mai garkuwa (UTP) l
Kebul ɗin murɗaɗɗen mara garkuwa
Ya ƙunshi adadin wayoyi biyu tare da murfin filastik mai sauƙi
Ya kai nisa na mita 100.
2-shilded twisted pair (STP) na USB
Garkuwar da aka ƙara a nan ya dace da mahalli inda akwai tsangwama na mitar lantarki
Amma garkuwar da aka kara ta sa kebul ya zama babba, da wahalar motsi ko motsi.
2- kebul na coaxial
kebul na coaxial
Yana da waya mai ƙarfi na jan ƙarfe a tsakiyar
An kewaye shi da rufi na rufi na lantarki wanda ya raba shi da shingen raga na ƙarfe
Domin aikin wannan shinge yana aiki azaman mai shakar wutar lantarki, kuma yana kare cibiyar daga kutse na lantarki
Yana da nau'i biyu:
tinnet
katako
3- kebul na fiber-optic
Tantancewar fiber na USB
Ana amfani dashi don watsa sigina a cikin hanyar haske
Ya ƙunshi silinda na gilashi kewaye da gilashi mai ƙarfi
Ya kai nisan kilomita 2
Amma yana da tsada sosai
Saurin watsawa ya fito daga megabytes 100 a sakan daya zuwa gigabytes 2 a sakan daya
((2- ba shiryayyu ba))
Ana amfani da shi don aika sigina a kan nisa mai nisa
Yawanci ya fi tsada
Ana yawan amfani da su lokacin da cabling ba shi da amfani
A harkokin sufuri kamar hanyoyin ruwa..ko yankuna masu nisa..ko yankuna masu kaifi
((microwave))
microwaves
Relay microwave da tauraron dan adam sigina
A cikin madaidaiciyar layi, saboda haka, yana buƙatar tashoshin watsawa don sake daidaita shi a kewayen dunƙulewar Duniya.
Tashoshin suna ƙarfafa sigina sannan su watsa su.
Amma a nan mun magance matsaloli da yawa da muke kira
Raunin watsawa
Misalan shi:
1- raguwa
Alama ce ta rasa ikonta.
Dalilin shine ci gaba da watsa siginar ta kebul na jan ƙarfe
2- murdiya sigina
Shine canjin sigar siginar ko abubuwan da aka haɗa da dalilin hakan
Abubuwan siginar suna zuwa da sauri daban-daban saboda kowane sashi yana da mitar daban-daban.
3- Hayaniya
A- Daga tushe na ciki:
Kasancewar siginar da ta gabata a cikin kebul ce ke samar da sabon siginar da ta bambanta da siginar asali
b- Daga tushen waje (crosstalk)
Sigina ce ta lantarki da ke gudana daga waya kusa da ita.
Saukake Sadarwar Sadarwa - Gabatarwa ga Ka'idodi
