Saukake Sadarwar Sadarwa - Gabatarwa ga Ka'idodi

Kaddarorin Abubuwan Kula da Ka'idojin Sadarwa/Ka'idojin Intanet (TCP/IP).
Wannan ƙa'idar ƙa'ida ce kuma ƙwararriyar ka'idar hanyar sadarwa
Yawancin tsarin aiki don cibiyoyin sadarwar zamani da manyan cibiyoyin sadarwa suna tallafawa TCP/IP.
Haka kuma shi ne babban bangaren amfani da Intanet da Imel
Hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar (TCP/IP) an kasafta shi zuwa matakai hudu, da kowane Layer na su
Kuna yin takamaiman aiki.

Layukan Protocol (TCP/IP)
TCP/IP - LAYER

1- SHAFIN APPLICATION

((HTTP, FTP))

2-Layer Transport (TUSPORT LAYER)

((TCP, UDP))

3- LAYIN INTERNET

((IP, ICMP, IGMP, ARP))

4- LAYER INTERFACE NETWORK

((ATM, ethernet))

Sauƙaƙe bayani daban:

1- SHAFIN APPLICATION

Layer na software yana samuwa a matakin mafi girma a cikin TCP/IP protocol suite
Ya ƙunshi duk aikace-aikace da abubuwan amfani waɗanda ke ba da damar shiga hanyar sadarwa.
Ka'idojin da ke cikin wannan Layer suna yin aikin farawa da musayar bayanan mai amfani
Misalan ƙa'idodi sun haɗa da:

A- Ka'idar Canja wurin Hypertext

da gajartawarsa (HTTP).
Ana amfani da ka'idar HTTP don canja wurin fayilolin da suka ƙunshi gidajen yanar gizo da shafukan Intanet, kamar shafukan HTML.

b- Fayil na Canja wurin Fayil

gajarta (FTP)
Ana amfani da shi don canja wurin fayiloli akan hanyar sadarwa.

2-Layer Transport (TUSPORT LAYER)

Wannan Layer yana ba da damar buƙata da tabbatar da sadarwa (tsakanin na'urorin da aka haɗa da juna).
Daga cikin misalansa:

A- Ka'idar sarrafa watsawa

takaitaccen bayani (TCP)

Ka'ida ce da ke tabbatar da isowar mai watsawa
Nau'in tushen haɗin kai ne kuma yana buƙatar ƙirƙirar zaman kafin aika bayanai tsakanin kwamfutoci.
Hakanan yana tabbatar da cewa an karɓi bayanan cikin tsari da tsari daidai, saboda yana buƙatar sanarwa (Acknowledgment) daga inda aka nufa.
Idan bayanan ba su zo ba, TCP ya sake aika shi, kuma idan an karɓa, ya ɗauki takardar shaidar (Acknowledgment) kuma ya yi.
Aiko na gaba da sauransu....

B- Yarjejeniyar Datagram mai amfani

takaice (UDP)

Wannan ƙa'idar ta nau'in Ba-connection ne
((connectionles)) ma'ana:
Haɗin da ba a dogara ba
- Ba ya haifar da zama tsakanin kwamfutoci yayin haɗin
Ba ya da garantin cewa za a karɓi bayanan kamar yadda aka aiko

A takaice dai, kishiyar TCP ce.
Koyaya, wannan ka'ida tana da fa'idodi waɗanda ke sa amfani da shi kyawawa a wasu lokuta
Kamar lokacin aika bayanan rukunin jama'a
Ko kuma lokacin da ake buƙatar gudun.
Ana amfani dashi don canja wurin multimedia kamar audio, bidiyo
Domin kafofin watsa labarai ne da ba ya buƙatar daidaito wajen shiga.
Hakanan yana da tasiri sosai da sauri cikin aiki

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman dalilan da suka haifar da ƙirƙirar yarjejeniyar UDP
Watsawa ta wannan ƙa'idar yana buƙatar kaya kaɗan da lokaci kaɗan
(Saboda fakitin UDP - UDP Datagram ba su ƙunshi duk bayanan da aka ambata tare da ka'idar TCP don saka idanu akan watsawa ba.
Daga cikin waɗannan duka, zamu iya gano dalilin da yasa ake kiran shi haɗin da ba a tabbatar ba.

3- LAYIN INTERNET

Wannan Layer yana da alhakin nade fakiti a cikin raka'a bayanai (marufi).
Gudanarwa da Adireshi

Wannan Layer ya ƙunshi ka'idoji guda huɗu na asali:

A- Internet Protocol -IP

b- Yarjejeniyar Ƙimar Adireshi -ARP

C- Saƙon Saƙon Intanet (ICMP)

D- Ƙididdigar Gudanar da Rukunin Intanet - IGMP

Bari mu bayyana kowace yarjejeniya ta hanya mai sauƙi:

A- Internet Protocol -IP

Yana daya daga cikin muhimman ka'idoji domin akwai wani abu na address da ake amfani da shi wajen baiwa kowace kwamfuta da ke kan hanyar sadarwa lambar ta.
Ana kiran shi adireshin IP, kuma adireshi ne na musamman wanda ba shi da kamanni a yankin cibiyar sadarwa
An siffanta IP da:

Hanyar hanya
Marufi

Roting yana duba adireshin da ke kan kunshin kuma yana ba shi izinin yawo a fadin hanyar sadarwa.
Wannan izinin yana da ƙayyadadden lokaci (LOKACIN ZUWA LIVE) Idan wannan lokacin ya ƙare, fakitin zai narke kuma baya haifar da cunkoso a cikin hanyar sadarwar.

Tsarin cleavage da repacking
Ana amfani da shi don haɗa wasu nau'ikan cibiyoyin sadarwa daban-daban kamar Token Ring da Ethernet
Saboda kamannin alamar da ƙarfin watsa sigina, dole ne a raba shi sannan a sake haɗa shi.

b- Yarjejeniyar Ƙimar Adireshi -ARP

Mai alhakin ƙayyade adireshin IP da nemo Makomawa ta amfani da adireshin MAC a cikin hanyar sadarwa don Ƙaddamarwa.
Lokacin da IP ya karɓi buƙatun haɗi zuwa kwamfuta, nan da nan ya je zuwa sabis na ARP kuma yana tambaya game da wurin wannan adireshin akan hanyar sadarwa.
Sannan ka’idar ARP ta nemo adireshin da ke cikin ma’adanar ajiyar ta, idan ta same shi, sai ta samar da taswirar adireshin daidai.
Idan kwamfutar ta kasance mai nisa (a cikin hanyar sadarwa mai nisa), ARP za ta tura IP zuwa ROUTER na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa.
Sannan wannan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa yana ba da buƙatun zuwa ARP don bincika adireshin MAC na lambar IP.

4- LAYER INTERFACE NETWORK

Mai alhakin sanya bayanan da za a aika a tsakiyar cibiyar sadarwa (NETWORK MEDIUM)
Da kuma karban shi daga Makoma bangaren karba
Ya ƙunshi dukkan na'urori da haɗin kai don haɗa na'urori a cikin hanyar sadarwa, kamar:
Wayoyi, masu haɗawa, katunan cibiyar sadarwa.
Ya ƙunshi ka'idoji waɗanda ke ƙayyadad da yadda ake aika bayanai a cikin hanyar sadarwar, kamar:
- ATM
-Ethernet
- Zoben Token

((Adresses Port))

Bayan mun koyi software (tsarin TCP/IP)
Duk wata na'ura da ke cikin hanyar sadarwar zata iya ƙunsar fiye da shiri (application).
Haɗa zuwa ɗaya ko fiye wasu shirye-shirye kuma akan kowace adadin wasu na'urori a lokaci guda.
Domin TCP/IP ya bambanta tsakanin shirin ɗaya da wani, dole ne ya yi amfani da abin da ake kira Port.

Takaitaccen bayani game da tashar jiragen ruwa
Lamba ne wanda ke gano ko gano shirin a cikin hanyar sadarwa.
Kuma an bayyana shi akan TCP ko akan UDP
Darajar lambobin da aka sanya wa tashar jiragen ruwa daga 0 (sifili) zuwa lambobin 65535
Hakanan akwai tashoshi masu yawa waɗanda aka tanadar don amfani da su ta sanannun shirye-shirye ko aikace-aikace, kamar:
Aikace-aikacen FTP Ka'idar canja wurin bayanai da ke amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa 20 ko 21
Aikace-aikacen HTTP suna amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa 80.