Ayini amanethiwekhi?
Incazelo eyenziwe lula yamanethiwekhi
? yini ukuxhumana
Kuyisethi yamakhompyutha namanye amadivayisi
Abanye baxhunyanisiwe ukuze babelane ngezinsizakusebenza.
izivumelwano zenethiwekhi
Imithetho yezokuxhumana umthetho olandelwayo uyindlela yokushintshisana ngolwazi kunethiwekhi
Kuyimithetho yenhlangano edingeka ukuthi inethiwekhi isize izakhi zayo ezahlukahlukene
Ukuxhumana nokuzwana.
Amazinga
Ukucaciswa komkhiqizo okukuvumela ukuthi kusebenze
Akunandaba ukuthi ifektri ikhiqize ini,
Ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili:
I-1- de facto
2- i-jure
de facto (ngeqiniso) amazinga:
Lezi yizincazelo eziklanyelwe
Ngezikhungo zezohwebo futhi zihlukaniswe:
1- Izinhlelo ezivulekile.
2- Uhlelo luvaliwe.
Amasistimu avaliwe:
Abasebenzisi baphoqeleka ukusebenzisa amadivayisi kusuka kumkhiqizi noma inkampani eyodwa kuphela
Futhi amasistimu abo awakwazi ukubhekana namadivayisi avela kwabanye abenzi (futhi lokhu bekuvamile kimi
amashumi ayisikhombisa namashumi ayisishiyagalombili).
Vula amasistimu:
Ngokuthuthukiswa nokusabalala komkhakha wamakhompiyutha, kwakudingeka ukuthi
Ukuthola amazinga avumela amadivayisi avela kubakhiqizi abahlukene ukuthi aqonde
Phakathi nendawo, kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi basebenzise amadivayisi avela ezinkampanini eziningi nasemikhiqizweni.
de jure (ngumthetho) amazinga:
Lokhu ukucaciswa okwenziwe yizikhungo ezisemthethweni ezaziwayo
((imiqondo eyisisekelo))
ukumiswa komugqa
1- izinto eziningi
Amadivayisi amabili kuphela axhunywe kulayini wezokuxhumana.
2- khomba-kukhomba
Amadivayisi amathathu noma ngaphezulu abelana ngomugqa wokuxhumana.
((i-topology yenethiwekhi))
Isimo senethiwekhi:
1- Nquma ukuthi amakhompyutha axhumeke kanjani komunye nomunye
2- I (inethiwekhi topology) isho ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani
Xhuma amakhompyutha, izintambo, nezinye izinto ukwakha inethiwekhi
3- Igama elithi topology libizwa nangokuthi ngokomzimba, ukuklanywa
Izindlela zokulethwa ezidume kakhulu yilezi:
1- i-mesh (
2- inkanyezi
3- isihlahla (
4- ibhasi ((ibhasi))
5- indandatho (
Sizochaza indlela ngayinye kafushane.
1- i-mesh (
Kubonakala ngenombolo enkulu yokuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi
Kukhona ukuxhumana okuqondile nayo yonke idivayisi kunethiwekhi
Inzuzo enkulu yamaphutha we-histological ukucaca.
2- inkanyezi
Inkanyezi yami iqanjwe ngokwakhiwa kwayo
Lapha zonke izintambo zidluliswa zisuka kumakhompyutha ziye endaweni emaphakathi
Iphuzu eliphakathi nendawo libizwa ngokuthi ihabhu
Umsebenzi wehabhu ukuthumela imilayezo emuva kuwo wonke amakhompyutha noma kwikhompyutha ethile
Singasebenzisa ngaphezu kohlobo olulodwa kule nethiwekhi.
Kulula futhi ukuguqula nokufaka ikhompyutha entsha ngaphandle kokuphazamisa inethiwekhi
Futhi, ukwehluleka kwekhompyutha kunethiwekhi akukukhubazi
Kepha uma ihabhu liphansi, yonke inethiwekhi iphansi.
Le ndlela iphinde ibize izintambo eziningi.
3- isihlahla (
Ibizwa kanjalo ngenxa yamagatsha ayo amaningi
Lapha singaxhuma amanethiwekhi wohlobo lwezinkanyezi ngokungeza enye ihabhu
Yakhiwa kanjena inethiwekhi yesihlahla
4- ibhasi ((ibhasi))
Ibizwa kanjalo ngoba ilayini oqondile
Isetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi amancane nelula
Idizayini yale nethiwekhi ukuxhuma amakhompyutha ngokulandelana ngocingo olulodwa
Ibizwa ngokuthi umgogodla.
Ucingo aluhlinzeki nganoma yikuphi ukuqiniswa kwamasiginali athunyelwa kusuka kukhompyutha eyodwa kuya kwenye.
Lapho uthumela noma yimuphi umlayezo kusuka kunoma iyiphi ikhompyutha ocingweni
Wonke amanye amakhompyutha athola isignali, kodwa eyodwa kuphela eyamukelayo.
Ikhompyutha eyodwa kuphela evunyelwe ukuthumela ngasikhathi sinye
Siphetha lapha ukuthi inani lamadivayisi akulo lithinta isivinini salo
Elinye lamathuluzi abaluleke kakhulu asetshenziswe kule nethiwekhi
terminators
Isetshenziselwa ukumunca amasignali futhi ivimbele ukuthi ingaboniswa futhi.
5- indandatho (
Ibizwa kanjalo ngenxa yokuma kwayo, ngoba sixhuma amadivayisi endandeni
Lapha kule nethiwekhi, ikhompyutha ngayinye ixhunywe kwikhompyutha elandelayo ngendlela yendandatho ohlangothini olulodwa
Ukuze ikhompyutha yokugcina ixhunywe kwikhompyutha yokuqala
Ikhompyutha ngayinye idlulisa futhi ithumele imininingwane eyitholayo
Kusuka kwikhompyutha eyedlule kuya kwikhompyutha elandelayo
Amanethiwekhi wezingcingo asebenzisa ithokheni
Ungumyalezo omfushane odlula kwinethiwekhi ukudlulisa imininingwane isuke kwenye ikhompyutha iye kwenye
Singakwazi ukuklama amanethiwekhi ohlobo oluxubekile ,,,
Ngokwesibonelo:
inkanyezi-ibhasi
Ngokuxhuma ama-hubs amaningi kukhebula lebhasi
Indlela yokudlulisa ulwazi:
imodi yokudlulisa
Imodi yokudlulisela isetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukuqondiswa kwethrafikhi phakathi kwamadivayisi amabili
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu:
1- simplex- single-
2- isigamu-duplex
3- i-duplex ephelele
Ake sichaze uhlobo ngalunye ngokwehlukana.
1- simplex- single-
Idatha idlula phakathi kwamadivayisi amabili ngendlela eyodwa kuphela
Njengekhompyutha —–> iphrinta
Iskena ——> Ikhompyutha
2- isigamu-duplex
Lapha idatha idlula kuzo zombili izinkomba kepha hhayi ngasikhathi sinye
Okusondelene kakhulu nawe, okufana nalokhu: ((I-assali esetshenziswa unogada - akakwazi ukukhuluma nokuzwa ngasikhathi sinye))
3- i-duplex ephelele
Idatha ihamba ngazo zombili izindlela ngasikhathi sinye
Okufana nokuthi: ((Sivule i-Inthanethi - sibhekabheka futhi silande izinhlelo bese sithumela izimpendulo ngasikhathi sinye))
((ubukhulu bamanethiwekhi))
Ubukhulu be-bashkat buhlukaniswe:
inethiwekhi yendawo
inethiwekhi yendawo yedolobha elikhulu
indawo ebanzi networ
inethiwekhi yendawo
Esikhathini esedlule, bekuqukethe inani elincane lamadivayisi, mhlawumbe awekho ngaphezu kweshumi, axhunywe komunye nomunye
Isebenza futhi esikhaleni esilinganiselwe njengehhovisi noma ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esisodwa noma izakhiwo eziningana eziseduze
inethiwekhi yendawo yedolobha elikhulu
Njengobuchwepheshe benethiwekhi yasendaweni, kepha ijubane layo liyashesha
Ngoba isebenzisa imicu ebonakalayo njengendawo yokuxhumana
Ihlanganisa indawo ebanzi efinyelela ku-100 km.
indawo ebanzi networ
Xhuma amanethiwekhi asendaweni emazweni ahlukene
Ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili:
1- inethiwekhi yebhizinisi
Isixhumanisi esamagatsha enkampani eyodwa ezingeni lezwe noma emazweni amaningana
Inethiwekhi ye-2- global
Nazi izikhungo eziningana emazweni amaningana.
Isibonelo se-OSI
Vula Imodeli Yokuxhumeka Kwesistimu
(Vula Isixhumanisi Sesithenjwa Sesistimu Yesixhumanisi)
I-OSI ihlukanisa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene edingekayo kumanethiwekhi abe izendlalelo eziyisikhombisa ezihlukile nezizimele zokusebenza
Isendlalelo ngasinye siqukethe imisebenzi eminingana yenethiwekhi, okokusebenza, noma izivumelwano
Ake sibheke lezi zendlalelo:
1- ngokomzimba
2-idatha isixhumanisi
3- inethiwekhi
4- ezokuthutha
Iseshini 5-
6- isethulo
7- isicelo
Izendlalelo ezintathu zokuqala - ezinikezelwe ekudlulisweni nasekushintshanisweni kwamabhithi nedatha -
Isendlalelo sesine - sisebenza njengesixhumi esibonakalayo phakathi kwezendlalelo eziphansi nezingaphezulu
Izendlalelo ezintathu eziphansi - ezinikezelwe kuzinhlelo zokusebenza nezinhlelo zomsebenzisi -
Ake sichaze kafushane isendlalelo ngasinye:
1- ngokomzimba
isigaba somzimba
Inesibopho sokudlulisa idatha ngama-bits
Lesi sendlalelo sicacisa ukucaciswa komshini nogesi
Ngekhebuli nekhadi lenethiwekhi, kubuye kunqume ukuthi ungaxhumana kanjani phakathi kwekhebula nekhadi lenethiwekhi
2-idatha isixhumanisi
ungqimba wesixhumanisi
Inquma ubuqotho bemininingwane edlulisiwe
Amaphakethe ahlinzekwe kuwo ahlanganiswa kusuka kusendlalelo sangaphambilini - somzimba.
Ilawula ukuhamba kwedatha futhi ithumele kabusha idatha elimele
Imiyalo nedatha ithunyelwa ngendlela yohlaka.
(ifreyimu)
Lesi sendlalelo sihlukanisa idatha ibe ozimele
Lokho wukuthi, ngokuhlukanisa ubufakazi bube izingxenye ezincane, engeza ikhanda nomsila kubo
(Unhlokweni noVouter)
3- inethiwekhi Isendlalelo senethiwekhi
Unesibopho sokwakha indlela phakathi kwekhompyutha yomthombo nekhompyutha eqondisiwe
Ubhekele ukukhuluma imilayezo nokuhumusha amakheli anengqondo namagama
kumakheli endawo okuqondwa inethiwekhi
4- ezokuthutha
ezokuthutha ungqimba
Njengoba kushiwo, yikho okuhlukanisa izingqimba ezibheke umsebenzisi kuzendlalelo ezibheke kwinethiwekhi
Ungqimba oludlulisa idatha futhi lubhekele ukulethwa kwalo okungenamaphutha
Iphinde ihlukanise imininingwane ibe izingxenye ezincane futhi iqoqeke kudivayisi eyamukelayo
Kungumsebenzi wakhe ukwazisa irisidi kusuka kukhompyutha etholwayo ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kutholwe ngaphandle kwephutha
Ngamafuphi, kuyasebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imininingwane ilethwa mahhala ngaphandle kwamaphutha futhi ngendlela efanele
Iseshini 5-
Ingqimba yengxoxo
Lesi sendlalelo sisungula ukuxhumana phakathi kwamakhompyutha futhi siqapha lokhu kuxhumana nenani ledatha edlulisiwe
Futhi hlola amaphasiwedi ngokuxhumeka
Iphinde ingeze amaphuzu asethenjwa kwidatha .. ukuze idatha ithunyelwe lapho
Inethiwekhi izobuyela emsebenzini kusuka lapho ukuphazamiseka kuphazanyiswa khona.
6- isethulo
Isendlalelo sephrezentheshini
Lesi sendlalelo sicindezela, sinqume futhi sibethele idatha
7- isicelo
Isendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza
Kuyisigaba esiphakeme
Ilawula ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlelo zekhompyutha
Kuyasiza futhi ngokudluliswa kwamafayela, insizakalo yokuphrinta, insizakalo yokufinyelela kwi-database
izinhlobo zemidiya yenethiwekhi
imidiya iyindlela esemzimbeni esetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amasiginali
Ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili:
1-i-gud
2- kungaqondiswa
((U-1-guded)
Uhlobo lokuqala lwehlukaniswe kathathu:
Ikhebula le-piano elisontekile eli-1
Ikhebula le-2- coaxial
Ikhebula le-3- fiber-optic
Ikhebula le-piano elisontekile eli-1
ikhebuli lephethini elisontekile
Isebenzisa izintambo ezingaphezu kwesisodwa zethusi ukudlulisa amasiginali
Inezinhlobo ezimbili:
I-1- upiyela osontekile ongavikelekile (UTP) l
Ikhebuli lepheya elingasontiwe elingenazinsimbi
Iqukethe izintambo eziningi eziphindwe kabili ezinesembozo sepulasitiki esilula
Ifinyelela ebangeni elingamamitha ayi-100.
Ikhebuli ye-2-shilded pair esontekile (STP)
Isihlangu esingezwe lapha silungele izindawo lapho kukhona ukuphazamiseka kwemvamisa kagesi
Kepha izihlangu ezingeziwe zenza ikhebula libe likhulu, kube nzima ukuhambisa noma ukunyakaza.
Ikhebula le-2- coaxial
ikhebula le-coaxial
Inocingo oluqinile lwethusi phakathi nendawo
Izungezwe ungqimba lokufakwa kukagesi olwehlukanisa nocingo lwensimbi
Ngoba umsebenzi walolu cingo usebenza njengokuncipha kukagesi, futhi uvikela isikhungo ekuphazanyisweni ugesi
Inezinhlobo ezimbili:
i-tinnet
i-thicknet
Ikhebula le-3- fiber-optic
Intambo ye-fiber Optical
Isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amasiginali ngendlela yokukhanya
Siqukethe isilinda sengilazi esizungezwe ungqimba lwengilazi oluqinile
Ifinyelela ebangeni elingu-2 km
Kepha kuyabiza kakhulu
Ijubane lokudlulisa lisukela kuma-megabyte ayi-100 ngomzuzwana kuya kuma-gigabyte ama-2 ngomzuzwana
((2- un unongozwa))
Isetshenziselwa ukuthumela amasiginali emabangeni amade futhi amade kakhulu
Imvamisa ibiza kakhulu
Kuvame ukusetshenziswa lapho ukufaka iklabishi kungasebenzi
Ezokuthutha ezinjengezindlela zamanzi..noma izindawo ezikude..noma izindawo ezimangelengele
(i-microwave)
ama-microwave
Dlulisela amasiginali we-microwave nesathelayithi
Ngomugqa oqondile, ngakho-ke, kudinga iziteshi zokudlulisa ukuze zikwazi ukuziphindisela emhlabeni ogobile woMhlaba.
Iziteshi ziqinisa izimpawu bese ziyadlulisa.
Kepha lapha sibhekane nezinkinga eziningana esizibizayo
Ukukhubazeka kokudluliswa
Izibonelo zayo:
1- ukunciphisa
Iphelelwa ngamandla.
Isizathu ukuqhubeka kokudlulisa isiginali ngentambo yethusi
2- ukuphazamiseka kwesiginali
Kungukushintsha kokuma kwesiginali noma izingxenye zayo kanye nesizathu salokho
Izingxenye zesignali zifika ngesivinini esihlukile ngoba ingxenye ngayinye inefrikhwensi ehlukile.
3- Umsindo
A- Kusuka kumthombo wangaphakathi:
Ukuba khona kwesiginali yangaphambilini kukhebula okukhiqiza isignali entsha eyehlukile kunesiginali yokuqala
b- Kusuka kumthombo wangaphandle (crosstalk)
Kuwuphawu lukagesi olugeleza lusuka ocingweni oluseduze.
Izingosi Zenziwe Lula - Isingeniso Kumaphrothokholi
