Izingosi Zenziwe Lula - Isingeniso Kumaphrothokholi

Izakhiwo zeTransmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP)
Le protocol iyinqubo evamile futhi eqinisekisiwe yenethiwekhi
Iningi lezinhlelo zokusebenza zamanethiwekhi wanamuhla namanethiwekhi amakhulu asekela i-TCP / IP.
Futhi kuyingxenye esemqoka yokusebenzisa i-Intanethi kanye ne-imeyili
Inqubo yokuxhumana nge (TCP / IP) ihlukaniswa izendlalelo ezine, nohlaka ngalunye lwazo
Wenza umsebenzi othize.

Izendlalelo Zesivumelwano (TCP / IP)
TCP / IP -LAYERS

1- ISICA SOKUFAKA ISICELO

((HTTP, FTP))

Ukuthuthwa okungu-2-layer (TRANSPORT LAYER)

((TCP, UDP))

3- INDLELA YOKUXHUMANISA I-INTERNET

((IP, ICMP, IGMP, ARP))

I-4- INETWORK INTERFACE LAYER

((I-ATM, i-ETHERNET))

Incazelo eyenziwe lula ngokwahlukana:

1- ISICA SOKUFAKA ISICELO

Isendlalelo sesoftware sisezingeni eliphakeme ku-TCP / IP protocol suite
Iqukethe zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza nezinsiza ezivumela ukufinyelela kwenethiwekhi.
Amaphrothokholi akule ungqimba enza umsebenzi wokuqalisa nokushintshisana ngolwazi lomsebenzisi
Izibonelo zezivumelwano yilezi:

I-A- Hypertext Transfer Protocol

nesifinyezo sayo (HTTP).
Iphrothokholi ye-HTTP isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amafayela akhiwe ngamawebhusayithi namakhasi we-Intanethi, njengamakhasi e-HTML.

b- Isivumelwano Sokudlulisa Amafayela

isifinyezo (FTP)
Isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amafayela ngenethiwekhi.

Ukuthuthwa okungu-2-layer (TRANSPORT LAYER)

Lesi sendlalelo sinikeza ithuba lokucela nokuqinisekisa ukuxhumana (phakathi kwamadivayisi axhunywe komunye nomunye).
Phakathi kwezibonelo zakhe:

I-A- Transmission control protocol

isifinyezo (TCP)

Yiprothokholi eqinisekisa ukufika komthumeli
Luhlobo olususelwa ekuxhumekeni futhi ludinga ukudala iseshini ngaphambi kokuthumela idatha phakathi kwamakhompyutha.
Iphinde iqinisekise ukuthi idatha yamukelwa ngendlela nangendlela eyiyo, njengoba idinga ukwaziswa (Kokuvuma) kusuka lapho uya khona.
Uma idatha ingafiki, i-TCP iyithumela futhi, futhi uma itholwa, kuthatha isitifiketi se- (Acknowledgment) bese isebenza
Thumela iqoqo elilandelayo nokunye ....

B- Isivumelwano Sedatha Yomsebenzisi

isifinyezo (UDP)

Le protocol yohlobo lweNoconnection-based
((ukuxhumana)) okusho:
Ukuxhumeka okungathembekile
- Ayenzi iseshini phakathi kwamakhompyutha ngesikhathi sokuxhumeka
Akuqinisekisi ukuthi idatha izotholwa njengoba ithunyelwe

Ngamafuphi, kuphambene ne-TCP.
Noma kunjalo, le protocol inezinzuzo ezenza ukusetshenziswa kwayo kufiseleke kwezinye izimo
Njengalapho uthumela idatha yeqembu lomphakathi
Noma lapho kudingeka ijubane. (Kepha ijubane ngaphandle kokunemba ekudlulisweni!)
Isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa i-multimedia njengomsindo, ividiyo
Ngoba yimidiya engadingi ukunemba ekufinyeleleni.
Isebenza ngempumelelo futhi iyashesha ukusebenza

Esinye sezizathu ezibaluleke kakhulu eziholele ekwakhiweni kweprotocol ye-UDP
Ukudluliswa ngale protocol kudinga umthwalo omncane nesikhathi
(Ngoba amaphakethe e-UDP - i-UDP Datagram ayinayo yonke idatha eshiwo ngephrothokholi ye-TCP yokuqapha ukudluliswa.
Kukho konke lokhu, singathola ukuthi kungani ibizwa ngokuthi ukuxhumana okungagunyaziwe.

3- INDLELA YOKUXHUMANISA I-INTERNET

Lesi sendlalelo sibhekene nokugoqa amaphakethe ngamayunithi wedatha (ukupakisha).
Umzila nokukhuluma

Lolu ungqimba luqukethe izivumelwano ezine eziyisisekelo:

I-A- Internet protocol -IP

b- Ikheli Lokuxazululwa Kwekheli -ARP

I-C- Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

I-D- Internet Group management protocol - IGMP

Ake sichaze umthetho olandelwayo ngamunye ngendlela elula:

I-A- Internet protocol -IP

Ingesinye sezivumelwano ezibaluleke kakhulu ngoba kunento ekhuluma esetshenziselwa ukunikeza ikhompyutha ngayinye kunethiwekhi inombolo yayo
Ibizwa ngekheli le-IP, futhi ikheli elihlukile elingenakho ukufana esizindeni senethiwekhi
I-IP ibonakala nge:

Ukuhamba ngomzila
Ukupakisha

Umzila uhlola ikheli kwiphakeji bese ulinika imvume yokuzula kuyo yonke inethiwekhi.
Le mvume inesikhathi esithile (ISIKHATHI SOKUPHILA). Uma lesi sikhathi siphela, lelo phakethe lizoncibilika futhi ngeke lisabangela isiminyaminya ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi.

Ukupakisha
Isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezithile zamanethiwekhi afana ne-Token Ring ne-Ethernet
Ngenxa yokufana kwethokheni namandla okudlulisa amasiginali, kufanele ihlukaniswe bese iphinde ihlanganiswe futhi.

b- Ikheli Lokuxazululwa Kwekheli -ARP

Ubhekele ukucacisa ikheli le-IP nokuthola indawo oya kuyo usebenzisa ikheli le-MAC kunethiwekhi ye-Destination
Lapho i-IP ithola isicelo sokuxhuma kwikhompyutha, iya ngokushesha kwinsizakalo ye-ARP bese ibuza ngendawo yaleli kheli kunethiwekhi.
Ngemuva kwalokho umthetho olandelwayo we-ARP ufuna ikheli kwimemori yalo, futhi uma ulithola, linikeza imephu enembile yekheli
Uma ikhompyutha ikude (kunethiwekhi ekude), i-ARP ihambisa i-IP kukheli le-wave le-ROUTER.
Ngemuva kwalokho lo mzila uletha isicelo ku-ARP ukuze ubheke ikheli le-MAC lenombolo ye-IP.

I-4- INETWORK INTERFACE LAYER

Unesibopho sokubeka idatha ezothunyelwa maphakathi nenethiwekhi (NETWORK MEDIUM)
Futhi ukuyithola kusuka ohlangothini lokuthola i-Destination
Iqukethe wonke amadivayisi nokuxhumeka kwamadivayisi wokuxhuma kunethiwekhi, njenge:
Izintambo, izixhumi, amakhadi enethiwekhi.
Inamaphrothokholi acacisa ukuthi ungayithumela kanjani idatha kunethiwekhi, njenge:
-ATM
-I-Ethernet
-Ithoni yokukhala

((Amakheli Embobo))

Ngemuva kokuthi sifunde isoftware (izingqimba ze-TCP / IP)
Noma iyiphi idivayisi kunethiwekhi ingaqukatha izinhlelo ezingaphezu kwesisodwa (uhlelo lokusebenza).
Ixhunywe kuhlelo olulodwa noma ngaphezulu nakunoma iyiphi inombolo yamanye amadivayisi ngasikhathi sinye.
Ukuze i-TCP / IP ihlukanise phakathi kohlelo nolunye, kufanele isebenzise okuthiwa iPort.

Imininingwane emfushane ngetheku
Yinombolo ekhomba noma ekhomba uhlelo kunethiwekhi.
Futhi kuchazwa ku-TCP noma ku-UDP
Inani lezinombolo ezinikezwe amatheku lisuka ku-0 (zero) liye ezinombolweni ezingama-65535
Kukhona namachweba amaningi abekelwe ukusetshenziswa izinhlelo noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezaziwa kakhulu, njenge:
Izinhlelo ze-FTP Inqubo yokudlulisa idatha esebenzisa itheku 20 noma 21
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-HTTP lapho kusetshenziswa i-port 80.