Yintoni iinethiwekhi?
Inkcazo eyenziwe lula yenethiwekhi
? yintoni uthungelwano
Iseti yeekhompyuter kunye nezinye izixhobo
Abanye banxibelelene nabanye ukuba babelane ngezixhobo.
iinkqubo zomnatha
Imigaqo-nkqubo yonxibelelwano yindlela yokutshintsha ulwazi kwinethiwekhi
Yimigaqo yombutho efuna uthungelwano ukunceda izinto zayo ezahlukeneyo
Ukunxibelelana nokuqondana.
Imigangatho
Ingcaciso yemveliso evumela ukuba isebenze
Nokuba yeyiphi imveliso eyivelisileyo,
Yahlulahlulwe yaziindidi ezimbini:
1- inyani
I-2- i-jure
de facto (ngenyani) imigangatho:
Le yinkcazo eyenzelwe
Ngamaziko orhwebo kwaye ahlulwe abe:
I-1- Iinkqubo ezivulekileyo.
2- Inkqubo ivaliwe.
Iinkqubo ezivaliweyo:
Abasebenzisi banyanzelwa ukuba basebenzise izixhobo ezivela kumenzi omnye okanye kwinkampani enye
Kwaye iinkqubo zabo azinakho ukujongana nezixhobo ezivela kwabanye abenzi (kwaye oku kwakuqhelekile kum
amashumi asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo)
Vula iinkqubo:
Ngophuhliso kunye nokusasazeka kweshishini lekhompyuter, kuye kwafuneka
Ukufumana imigangatho evumela izixhobo ezivela kubavelisi abohlukeneyo ukuba baqonde
Phakathi, ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba basebenzise izixhobo kwiinkampani ezininzi kunye neemveliso.
imigangatho yomthetho (ngomthetho) imigangatho:
Ezi zinto zichaziweyo ziyilelwe ngamaziko asemthethweni
((iikhonsepthi ezisisiseko)
ukumiselwa komgca
1- izinto ezininzi
Zimbini kuphela izixhobo ezidityaniswe ngumnxeba wonxibelelwano.
2- yalatha-ukuya-kwinqanaba
Izixhobo ezithathu okanye ngaphezulu zabelana ngomgca wonxibelelwano.
((umxholo wenethiwekhi))
Ubume benethiwekhi:
1- Misela ukuba iikhompyuter zinxibelelana njani
2- I (inetology topology) ibhekisa kwindlela eyenziwa ngayo
Qhagamshela iikhompyuter, iingcingo kunye nezinye izinto ukwenza inethiwekhi
I-3- Igama elithi topology libizwa ngokuba ngumzimba, uyilo
Ezona ndlela zidumileyo zokuhambisa zezi:
1- umnatha (
2- iinkwenkwezi
3- umthi (
4- ibhasi ((ibhasi))
I-5- ring (
Siza kuchaza indlela nganye ngokufutshane.
1- umnatha (
Ibonakaliswa linani elikhulu lonxibelelwano phakathi kwezixhobo
Kukho ikhonkco ngqo nezixhobo zonke zenethiwekhi
Uncedo olukhulu lweempazamo ze-histological kukucaca.
2- iinkwenkwezi
Inkwenkwezi yam ibizwa ngokuba yimilo yokuqhutywa kwayo
Apha zonke iintambo zigqithisiwe ukusuka kwiikhompyuter ziye kwindawo esembindini
Indawo ephambili ibizwa ngokuba yihabhu
Umsebenzi wehabhu kukuthumela imiyalezo kwakhona kuzo zonke iikhompyuter okanye kwikhompyuter ethile
Singasebenzisa ngaphezu kodidi olunye kolu nxibelelwano.
Kulula ukuyiguqula kongeza ikhompyuter entsha ngaphandle kokuphazamisa inethiwekhi
Kwakhona, ukusilela kwikhompyuter kunethiwekhi akuyikhubazi
Kodwa xa ihabhu iphantsi, inethiwekhi yonke iphantsi.
Le ndlela ikwaxabisa iintambo ezininzi.
3- umthi (
Ibizwa njalo ngenxa yamasebe ayo amaninzi
Apha singadibanisa iinethiwekhi zohlobo lweenkwenkwezi ngokongeza enye ihabhu
Yindlela eyakhiwe ngayo uthungelwano lomthi
4- ibhasi ((ibhasi))
Ibizwa njalo kuba ilayini ethe nkqo
Isetyenziswa kuthungelwano oluncinci nolulula
Uyilo lwale nethiwekhi kukudibanisa iikhompyuter ngokulandelelana ngocingo olunye
Ibizwa ngokuba ngumqolo.
Ucingo aluboneleli naluphi na ukuqiniswa kweempawu ezithunyelwa ukusuka kwikhompyuter enye ukuya kwenye.
Xa uthumela nawuphina umyalezo ovela kuyo nayiphi na ikhompyutha kwicingo
Zonke ezinye iikhompyuter zifumana umqondiso, kodwa inye kuphela eyayamkelayo.
Inye kuphela ikhompyutha evunyelwe ukuthumela ngexesha elinye
Siphetha apha ukuba inani lezixhobo kuyo lichaphazela isantya salo
Esinye sezixhobo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisetyenziswe kule nethiwekhi
terminators
Isetyenziselwa ukufunxa imiqondiso kwaye ithintele ukuba ingabonakaliswa kwakhona.
I-5- ring (
Inje ibizwa ngokuba yimilo yayo, kuba izixhobo sizidibanisa kumsesane
Apha kule nethiwekhi, ikhompyuter nganye iqhagamshelwe kwikhompyuter elandelayo ngendlela yesangqa kwicala elinye
Ukuze ikhompyuter yokugqibela idityaniswe kwikhompyuter yokuqala
Ikhompyuter nganye idlulisa kwaye ithumele ulwazi olufumeneyo
Ukusuka kwikhompyuter yangaphambili ukuya kwikhompyuter elandelayo
Iinethiwekhi zomsesane zisebenzisa umqondiso
Umyalezo omfutshane odlula kwinethiwekhi ukuhambisa ulwazi ukusuka kwikhompyuter ukuya kwenye
Singayila iinethiwekhi zohlobo oluxubekileyo ,,,
umzekelo:
inkwenkwezi-ibhasi
Ngokudibanisa ii-hubs ezininzi kwikhebula lebhasi
Indlela yokudlulisa ulwazi:
imo yokudlulisela
Imowudi yokudlulisela isetyenziselwa ukuchaza ulwalathiso lwezithuthi phakathi kwezixhobo ezimbini
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu:
1- simplex- ongatshatanga-
2- isiqingatha-kabini
3- iduplex epheleleyo
Masichaze uhlobo ngalunye ngokwahlukeneyo.
1- simplex- ongatshatanga-
Idatha idlula phakathi kwezi zixhobo zimbini ngendlela enye kuphela
Njengekhompyuter-–> umshicileli
Iskena ——> Ikhompyutha
2- isiqingatha-kabini
Nantsi idatha idlula kumacala omabini kodwa hayi ngexesha elinye
Esona sisondeleyo kuwe zezi: ((I-assali esetyenziswa ngunogada-akakwazi ukuthetha nokuva ngaxeshanye))
3- iduplex epheleleyo
Idatha ihamba ngeendlela zombini ngexesha elinye
Ezi zilandelayo: ((Sikhangele kwi-Intanethi-sikhangela kunye nokukhuphela iinkqubo kunye nokuthumela iimpendulo ngaxeshanye)
((ubukhulu benethiwekhi))
Ubungakanani be-bashkat bohlulwe ngokwe:
indawo yenethiwekhi yendawo
Uthungelwano lwengingqi yedolophu
indawo ebanzi networ
indawo yenethiwekhi yendawo
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, yayiquka inani elincinci lezixhobo, mhlawumbi ezingekho ngaphezulu kweshumi, ezidityanisiweyo
Ikwasebenza kwisithuba esilinganiselweyo njenge-ofisi okanye ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo esinye okanye kwizakhiwo ezikufutshane
Uthungelwano lwengingqi yedolophu
Njengobuchwephesha benethiwekhi yendawo, kodwa isantya sayo siyakhawuleza
Kuba isebenzisa imicu ebonakalayo njengonxibelelwano
Ibandakanya indawo ebanzi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100 km.
indawo ebanzi networ
Qhagamshela iinethiwekhi zasekhaya kumazwe ahlukeneyo
Yahlulahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini:
1- inethiwekhi yeshishini
Ikhonkco lelamasebe enkampani enye kwinqanaba lelizwe okanye amazwe aliqela
2- inethiwekhi yehlabathi
Nanga amaziko amaninzi kumazwe amaninzi.
UMzekelo WOSI
Vula iModeli yoDibaniso lwenkqubo
(Vula uMfuziselo weSalathiso seNkqubo yoNxibelelwano)
I-OSI ihlela imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo efunekayo kuthungelwano lube ngamacandelo asixhenxe ahlukeneyo azimeleyo asebenzayo
Uluhlu ngalunye luqulethe imisebenzi emininzi yenethiwekhi, izixhobo, okanye iiprotocol
Makhe sijonge ezi maleko:
1- ngokwasemzimbeni
Ikhonkco le-2-data
3- inethiwekhi
4- uthutho
Iseshoni yesi-5
6- ntetho
7- isicelo
Amanqanaba amathathu okuqala-anikezelwe kutshintsho kunye notshintshiselwano ngeebits kunye nedatha-
Uluhlu lwesine-lisebenza njengonxibelelwano phakathi kweelayile ezisezantsi neziphezulu
Amacwecwe amathathu asezantsi-anikezelwe kwizicelo zomsebenzisi kunye neenkqubo-
Makhe sichaze ngokufutshane umaleko ngamnye:
1- ngokwasemzimbeni
iklasi yomzimba
Inoxanduva lokuhambisa idatha kwiibhithi
Olu luhlu luchaza ukucaciswa komatshini kunye nombane
Ngentambo kunye nekhadi lenethiwekhi, ikwamisela indlela yokunxibelelana phakathi kwentambo kunye nekhadi lenethiwekhi
Ikhonkco le-2-data
ikhonkco lokwahlulahlula
Imisela ukuthembeka kwedatha ehanjisiweyo
Iipakethi ezibonelelwe ngayo zilungelelaniswe ukusuka kumaleko angaphambili - omzimba - umaleko.
Ilawula ukuhamba kwedatha kwaye igcina idatha eyonakeleyo
Imiyalelo kunye nedatha zithunyelwa ngohlobo lwesakhelo.
(isakhelo)
Lo maleko wahlula idatha kwizakhelo
Oko kukuthi, ngokwahlula ubungqina bube ngamacandelo amancinci, ukongeza intloko kunye nomsila kuwo
(Intloko kunye neVouter)
3- inethiwekhi Umaleko womnatha
Uxanduva lokudala umendo phakathi kwekhompyuter yomthombo kunye nekhompyuter ekujolise kuyo
Uxanduva lokujongana nemiyalezo kunye nokuguqula iidilesi ezinengqiqo namagama
Kwiidilesi zomzimba eziqondwa ngumnatha wonxibelelwano
4- uthutho
Uluhlu lwezothutho
Njengoko besesitshilo, yile nto yahlula iileya ezijongise umsebenzisi kumaleko ajonge inethiwekhi
Uluhlu lokuhambisa idatha kwaye linoxanduva lokuhambisa ngaphandle kwempazamo
Ikwahlula ulwazi lube ngamacandelo amancinci kwaye liwaqokelele kwisixhobo sokufumana
Luxanduva lwayo ukwazisa irisithi evela kwikhompyuter yokufumana ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwafunyanwa ngaphandle kwempazamo
Ngamafutshane, kuyasebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi luziswa simahla kwiimpazamo kwaye ngokulandelelana kwazo
Iseshoni yesi-5
Uluhlu lwencoko
Olu luhlu luseka unxibelelwano phakathi kweekhompyuter kwaye lubeke iliso kunxibelelwano kunye nenani ledatha ehanjisiweyo
Kwaye jonga iipaswedi zonxibelelwano
Yongeza amanqaku ekubhekiswa kuwo kwidatha .. ukuze idatha ithunyelwe xa
Uthungelwano luya kubuyela emsebenzini ukusuka kwindawo apho usasazo lwaphazanyiswa khona.
6- ntetho
Uluhlu lwentetho
Olu luhlu luyacinezela, lumele kwaye lubethele idatha
7- isicelo
Uluhlu lwesicelo
Ludidi oluphezulu
Ilawula unxibelelwano phakathi kwezicelo zekhompyuter
Kuyanceda ngogqithiso lwefayile, inkonzo yokuprinta, inkonzo yokufikelela kwindawo yogcino lwedatha
iintlobo zemidiya yenethiwekhi
Imithombo yeendaba sisimo esiphakathi esisetyenziselwa ukuhambisa imiqondiso
Inokwahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezimbini:
I-1-gud
2- ayikhuselekanga
((1-guded)
Uhlobo lokuqala lwahlulwe kathathu:
Intambo ye-pi- 1 ejijekileyo
Ikhebula le-2- coaxial
Intambo ye-3- fiber-optic
Intambo ye-pi- 1 ejijekileyo
intambo yokujija intambo
Isebenzisa ngaphezu kwesinye isibini seengcingo zobhedu ukuhambisa imiqondiso
Ineentlobo ezimbini:
1- ipeyar edibeneyo (UTP) l
Intambo yezibini ezijijekileyo ezingenacingo
Inenombolo yeengcingo eziphindiweyo ezineqweqwe elilula leplastiki
Ifikelela kumgama oziimitha ezili-100.
Intambo ejijekileyo enee-2 (STP)
Ikhaka elongezwe apha lilungele imeko apho kukho ukuphazamiseka kwamaza ombane
Kodwa amakhaka ongezelelweyo enza ukuba intambo ibe nkulu, kunzima ukuhamba okanye ukuhamba.
Ikhebula le-2- coaxial
intambo ye-coaxial
Inocingo oluqinileyo lobhedu embindini
Ujikelezwe ngumaleko wobushushu obusahlula ngocingo lwentsimbi
Kuba umsebenzi wolu cingo usebenza njengesifunxi sombane, kwaye ukhusela iziko kuphazamiseko lombane
Ineentlobo ezimbini:
inkcenkce
ubungqingqwa
Intambo ye-3- fiber-optic
Intambo yefayibha yokubonisa
Isetyenziselwa ukuhambisa imiqondiso ngendlela yokukhanya
Iqukethe isilinda yeglasi ejikelezwe ngumaleko owomeleleyo weglasi
Ifikelela kumgama we-2 km
Kodwa ibiza kakhulu
Amanqanaba esantya sokuhambisa ukusuka kwi-100 megabytes ngomzuzwana ukuya kwii-gigabytes ezi-2 ngomzuzwana
((2- khokelwe)
Isetyenziselwa ukuthumela imiqondiso kubude obude kunye nobude obude kakhulu
Ihlala ibiza kakhulu
Zidla ngokusetyenziswa xa ukufakela iikhabhathi kungenzeki
Kwezothutho ezinjengeendlela zamanzi..okanye iindawo ezikude..okanye iindawo ezixineneyo
((microwave)
ii-microwave
Ukudlulisa iimpawu ze-microwave kunye ne-satellite
Kwimigca ethe tye, ke ngoko, ifuna isikhululo sokuhambisa ukuze siphinde sijikeleze umhlaba ojikeleze umhlaba.
Izikhululo zomeleza imiqondiso emva koko ziyidlulise.
Kodwa apha sithethe ngeengxaki ezininzi esizibizayo
Ukudodobala ukonakala
Imizekelo yayo:
1- ukunciphisa
Luphawu lokuphulukana namandla alo.
Isizathu kukuqhubeka kokuhambisa isiginali ngentambo yobhedu
2- ukugqwetha umqondiso
Kukutshintsha kobume besiginali okanye izinto zayo kunye nesizathu soko
Amacandelo omqondiso afika kwizantya ezahlukeneyo kuba icandelo ngalinye linezantya ezahlukeneyo.
3- Ingxolo
A- Isuka kumthombo wangaphakathi:
Kukubakho komqondiso wangaphambili kwintambo ovelisa umqondiso omtsha owahlukileyo kumqondiso wokuqala
b- Ukusuka kumthombo wangaphandle (crosstalk)
Luphawu lombane oluqukuqela lusuka kwingcingo esecaleni.
Inethiwekhi yenziwe lula-Intshayelelo kwiiProtocol
