Inethiwekhi yenziwe lula-Intshayelelo kwiiProtocol

IProtokholi yoLawulo loThutho / iProtokholi ye-Intanethi (TCP / IP)
Le protocol yinkqubo esemgangathweni kunye nenethiwekhi eqinisekisiweyo
Uninzi lweenkqubo ezisebenzayo zenethiwekhi zangoku kunye neenethiwekhi ezinkulu zixhasa i-TCP / IP.
Ikwalicandelo eliphambili lokusebenzisa i-Intanethi kunye ne-imeyile
Inkqubo yonxibelelwano nge (TCP / IP) yahlulwe yangamacandelo amane, kunye nolwahlu ngalunye lwazo
Wenza umsebenzi othile.

Umaleko weProtocol (TCP / IP)
TCP / IP -LAYERS

1- ISICWANGCISO SOKUFAKA ISICELO

((HTTP, FTP))

2-maleko ezothutho (EZOTHUTHO LAYER)

((TCP, UDP))

3- UKULEBEKA KWI-INTERNET

((IP, ICMP, IGMP, ARP))

I-4- INETWORK INTERFACE LAYER

((IATM, ETHERNET))

Inkcazo eyenziwe lula ngokwahlukeneyo:

1- ISICWANGCISO SOKUFAKA ISICELO

Uluhlu lwesoftware lubekwe kwelona nqanaba liphezulu kwi-TCP / IP protocol suite
Iqulethe zonke izicelo kunye nezixhobo ezenza ukufikelela kwenethiwekhi.
Iiprotokholi ezikolu luhlu zenza umsebenzi wokuqalisa kunye nokutshintsha ulwazi lomsebenzisi
Imizekelo yeeprotokholi zezi:

IProtokholi yokuGqithisela umxholo

kunye nesifinyezo sayo (HTTP).
Umgaqo-nkqubo we-HTTP usetyenziselwa ukuhambisa iifayile ezenziwa ziiwebhusayithi kunye namaphepha e-Intanethi, njengamaphepha e-HTML.

b- iProtokholi yokuGqithisela iFayile

Isifinyezo (FTP)
Isetyenziselwa ukuhambisa iifayile kwinethiwekhi.

2-maleko ezothutho (EZOTHUTHO LAYER)

Olu luhlu lubonelela ngokubakho kokucela kunye nokuqinisekisa unxibelelwano (phakathi kwezixhobo ezixhumene nenye).
Phakathi kwemizekelo yakhe:

Inkqubo yokuhambisa yokuhambisa

isifinyezo (TCP)

Yiprotocol eqinisekisa ukufika komthumeli
Luhlobo olusekwe kunxibelelwano kwaye kufuneka lwenze iseshoni ngaphambi kokuthumela idatha phakathi kweekhompyuter.
Ikwaqinisekisa ukuba idatha ifunyenwe ngendlela echanekileyo kunye nefom, njengoko ifuna (ukwazisa) ukwaziswa ukusuka kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo.
Ukuba idatha ayifikanga, i-TCP iyithumela kwakhona, kwaye ukuba ifunyenwe, ithatha isiqinisekiso (Sokwamkela) kwaye siyenze
Thumela ibatch elandelayo njalo njalo ....

B- Umgaqo wedatha yomsebenzisi

Isifinyezo (UDP)

Le protocol yeyodidi lweNoconnection-based
((uqhagamshelo)) intsingiselo:
Unxibelelwano olungathembekiyo
-Ayenzi iseshoni phakathi kweekhompyuter ngexesha lonxibelelwano
Akuqinisekisi ukuba idatha iya kufumaneka njengoko yayithunyelwe

Ngamafutshane, ichasene ne-TCP.
Nangona kunjalo, le protocol inezibonelelo ezenza ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunqweneleke kwezinye iimeko
Njengokuba uthumela idatha yeqela loluntu
Okanye xa kufuneka isantya. (Kodwa sisantya ngaphandle kokuchaneka kokuhambisa!)
Isetyenziselwa ukuhambisa imultimedia njengomsindo, ividiyo
Kungenxa yokuba yimithombo yeendaba engadingi kuchaneka ekufikeleleni.
Kukwasebenza kakhulu kwaye kuyakhawuleza ekusebenzeni

Esinye sezizathu ezibaluleke kakhulu ezikhokelele ekudalweni komgaqo we-UDP
Ukuhanjiswa ngale nkqubo kufuna umthwalo omncinci kunye nexesha
(Ngenxa yokuba iipakethi ze-UDP-IDP yeDathag ayinayo yonke idatha ekhankanyiweyo kunye ne-TCP protocol yokujonga ukuhanjiswa.
Kuyo yonke le nto sinokuqonda ukuba kutheni kusithiwa lunxibelelwano olungaqinisekiswanga.

3- UKULEBEKA KWI-INTERNET

Olu luhlu luxanduva lokusonga iipakethi kwiiyunithi zedatha (ukupakisha).
Ukuhamba kunye nokuLungisa

Olu luhlu luqulethe iinkqubo ezine ezisisiseko:

Inkqubo ye-Intanethi -IP

b- Idilesi yokuSombulula idilesi -ARP

C- iProtokholi yoLawulo loMyalezo we-Intanethi (ICMP)

D- Inkqubo yokulawulwa kweqela kwi-Intanethi- IGMP

Masichaze umgaqo-nkqubo ngamnye ngendlela elula:

Inkqubo ye-Intanethi -IP

Enye yezona nkqubo zibalulekileyo kuba kukho into esetyenziswayo ukunika ikhomputha nganye kwinethiwekhi inombolo yayo.
Ibizwa ngokuba yidilesi ye-IP, kwaye yidilesi eyahlukileyo engenakufana kwi-domain yenethiwekhi
I-IP ibonakaliswa ngu:

Umzila
Ukupakisha

Ukuhamba ngomkhondo kukhangela idilesi kwiphakheji kwaye kuyinika imvume yokuhambahamba kwinethiwekhi.
Le mvume inexesha elimiselweyo (IXESHA LOKUPHILA) Ukuba eli xesha liphelile, loo pakethi iya kunyibilika kwaye ayisayi kubangela ukuxinana ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi.

Inkqubo yokuqhekeka kunye nokuphinda usebenze kwakhona
Isetyenziselwa ukudibanisa ezinye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zenethiwekhi ezinje ngeToken Ring kunye ne-Ethernet
Ngenxa yokufana komqondiso kunye nomthamo wokuhambisa imiqondiso, kufuneka yahlulwe kwaye iphinde idityaniswe.

b- Idilesi yokuSombulula idilesi -ARP

Uxanduva lokumisela idilesi ye-IP kunye nokufumana indawo ekuyiwa kuyo usebenzisa idilesi ye-MAC kwinethiwekhi yokuFikela
Xa i-IP ifumana isicelo sokunxibelelana nekhompyuter, iya kwangoko kwinkonzo ye-ARP kwaye ibuze malunga nendawo yale dilesi kwinethiwekhi.
Emva koko iprothokholi ye-ARP ikhangela idilesi kwimemori yayo, kwaye ukuba iyifumene, ibonelela ngemephu echanekileyo yedilesi
Ukuba ikhomputha ikude (kwinethiwekhi ekude), i-ARP ihambisa i-IP kwidilesi ye-ROUTER ye-wave.
Emva koko le router ihambisa isicelo kwi-ARP ukufumana idilesi ye-MAC yenombolo ye-IP.

I-4- INETWORK INTERFACE LAYER

Uxanduva lokubeka idatha ukuba ithunyelwe embindini wenethiwekhi (INETWORK MEDIUM)
Kwaye ukuyifumana kwicala lokufumana indawo ekuyiwa kuyo
Inazo zonke izixhobo kunye nokunxibelelana kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano kwinethiwekhi, ezinje:
Iingcingo, izihlanganisi, amakhadi enethiwekhi.
Ineprotocol ezichaza ukuba ungayithumela njani idatha kwinethiwekhi, enje:
-ATM
-Ethernet
Iringi yomqondiso

((Iidilesi zePort))

Emva kokuba sifunde isoftware (i-TCP / iileya ze-IP)
Nasiphi na isixhobo kwinethiwekhi sinokuqulatha ngaphezulu kwesinye senkqubo (usetyenziso).
Idityaniswe kwenye okanye ezinye iinkqubo kunye nakweliphi inani lezinye izixhobo ngaxeshanye.
Ukuze i-TCP / IP yahlule phakathi kwenkqubo enye nenye, kufuneka isebenzise ekuthiwa yiPort.

Ulwazi olufutshane malunga nezibuko
Yinombolo echonga okanye echonga inkqubo kwinethiwekhi.
Kwaye ichaziwe kwi-TCP okanye kwi-UDP
Ixabiso lamanani anikezelwe kwizibuko ukusuka ku-0 (zero) ukuya kumanani angama-65535
Kukho inani lamazibuko agcinelwe ukusetyenziswa ziinkqubo ezaziwayo okanye iinkqubo, ezinje:
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-FTP Inkqubo yokudlulisa idatha esebenzisa izibuko lama-20 okanye lama-21
Izicelo ze-HTTP zisebenzisa i-port 80.