Marangrang ke eng?
Tlhaloso e nolofalitsoeng ea marang-rang
? marang-rang ke eng
Ke sete ea likhomphutha le lisebelisoa tse ling
Tse ling li hokahantsoe hammoho ho arolelana lisebelisoa.
melaoana ea marang-rang
Melao ea puisano melaoana ke mokhoa oa ho fapanyetsana tlhahisoleseling marang-rang
Ke melao ea mokhatlo e hlokang marang-rang ho thusa likarolo tsa eona tse fapaneng
Ho buisana le ho utloisisana.
Maemo
Ke sehlahisoa sa sehlahisoa se se lumellang ho sebetsa
Ho sa tsotelehe feme e e hlahisitseng,
E arotsoe ka mefuta e 'meli:
1 - ehlile
2 - khoeli
Litekanyetso tsa de facto (by fact):
Tsena ke litlhaloso tse neng li entsoe
Ka mekhatlo ea khoebo 'me e arotsoe ka:
1- Tsamaiso e bulehileng.
2- Sistimi e koetsoe.
litsamaiso tse koetsoeng:
Basebelisi ba qobelloa ho sebelisa lisebelisoa ho tsoa ho moetsi kapa k'hamphani e le 'ngoe feela
Sistimi ea bona e sitoa ho sebetsana le lisebelisoa tse tsoang ho baetsi ba bang (mme sena se ne se tloaelehile ho nna
Mashome a supileng le mashome a robeli).
Sistimi e bulehileng:
Ka nts'etsopele le ho ata ha indasteri ea likhomphutha, ho ne ho hlokahala hore
Ho fumana litekanyetso tse lumellang lisebelisoa ho tsoa ho baetsi ba fapaneng ho utloisisa
Mahareng, e lumella basebelisi ho sebelisa lisebelisoa ho tsoa likhamphaning le lihlahisoa tse ngata.
litekanyetso tsa de jure (ka molao):
Tsena ke litlhaloso tse entsoeng ke mekhatlo e tsebahalang ea semmuso
((likhopolo tsa mantlha))
phetolo ea mohala
1- mefuta e mengata
Ke lisebelisoa tse peli feela tse hokahantsoeng ke mohala oa puisano.
2- ntlha-ho-ntlha
Lisebelisoa tse tharo kapa ho feta li arolelana mohala oa puisano.
((topology ea marang-rang))
Boemo ba marang-rang:
1- Fumana hore na likhomphutha li hokahane joang
2- The (topology topology) e bolela hore na e etsoa joang
Kopanya likhomphutha, mehala le lisebelisoa tse ling ho etsa marang-rang
3- Poleloana topology e boetse e bitsoa 'mele, moralo
Mekhoa e tsebahalang haholo ea ho fana ke:
1- letlooeng (
2- naleli
3- sefate (
4- bese ((bese))
5- lesale (
Re tla hlalosa mokhoa o mong le o mong ka bokhutšoanyane.
1- letlooeng (
E tšoauoa ka palo e kholo ea likhokahano lipakeng tsa lisebelisoa
Ho na le khokahano e tobileng le sesebelisoa se seng le se seng marang-rang
Monyetla o moholo oa liphoso tsa hae ke ho hlaka.
2- naleli
Naleli ea ka e rehiloe lebitso la sebopeho sa eona
Mona likhoele tsohle li fetisoa ho tloha likhomphuteng ho ea ntlheng e bohareng
Ntlha ea bohareng e bitsoa setsi
Mosebetsi oa setsi ke ho romella melaetsa ho likhomphutha tsohle kapa khomphuteng e itseng
Mme re ka sebelisa mefuta e fetang e le 'ngoe marang-rang ana.
Ho boetse ho bonolo ho fetola le ho eketsa komporo e ncha ntle le ho senya marang-rang
Hape, ho hloleha ha komporo marang-rang ha ho e thibele
Empa ha setsi se theohile, marang-rang kaofela a theohile.
Hape, mokhoa ona o bitsa lithapo tse ngata.
3- sefate (
E bitsoa joalo ka lebaka la makala a eona a mangata
Mona re ka hokahanya marang-rang a mofuta oa linaleli ka ho eketsa setsi se seng
Ena ke tsela eo marang-rang a lifate a thehoang ka eona
4- bese ((bese))
E bitsoa joalo hobane ke mola o otlolohileng
E sebelisoa marang-rang a manyenyane le a bonolo
Moralo oa marang-rang ona ke ho hokahanya likhomphutha ka tatellano mohaleng o le mong
E bitsoa mokokotlo.
Mohala ha o na matlafatso ea mats'oao a romelloang ho tloha komporong e 'ngoe ho ea ho e' ngoe.
Ha o romella molaetsa ofe kapa ofe ho tsoa khomphuteng efe kapa efe terateng
Lik'homphieutha tse ling kaofela li amohela letšoao, empa ke e le 'ngoe feela e e amohelang.
Ke k'homphieutha e le 'ngoe feela e lumelloang ho romelloa ka nako e le' ngoe
Re phethela mona hore palo ea lisebelisoa tse ho eona e ama lebelo la eona
E 'ngoe ea lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoahali tse sebelisoang marang-rang ana
makhaola-khang
E sebelisoa ho monya matšoao le ho thibela hore a se ke a bonahala hape.
5- lesale (
E bitsoa joalo ka lebaka la sebopeho sa eona, hobane re kopanya lisebelisoa ka har'a lesale
Mona marang-rang ana, komporo e ngoe le e ngoe e hokahantsoe le komporo e latelang ka sebopeho sa lesale nqa e le ngoe
E le hore komporo ea ho qetela e hokahane le komporo ea pele
Khomphutha ka 'ngoe e fetisa le ho romella tlhaiso-leseling eo e e fumanang
Ho tloha khomphuteng e fetileng ho ea khomphuteng e latelang
Marangrang a mehala a sebelisa letshwao
Ke molaetsa o mokhuts'oane o fetisang marang-rang ho fetisa tlhaiso-leseling ho tsoa khomphuteng e ngoe ho ea ho e ngoe
Re ka rala marang-rang a mofuta o kopaneng ,,,
ka mohlala:
naleli-bese
Ka ho hokela libaka tse 'maloa ho mohala oa bese
Mokhoa oa phetisetso ea tlhahisoleseling:
Mokhoa oa phetiso
Mokhoa oa phetisetso o sebelisetsoa ho hlalosa tataiso ea sephethe-phethe lipakeng tsa lisebelisoa tse peli
Ho na le mefuta e meraro:
1- simplex- masoha-
2- halofo ea duplex
3- duplex e felletseng
Ha re hlaloseng mofuta o mong le o mong ka thoko.
1- simplex- masoha-
Boitsebiso bo feta lipakeng tsa lisebelisoa tsena ka tsela e le 'ngoe feela
Joalo ka komporo-–> printa
Sekena ——> Khomphutha
2- halofo ea duplex
Mona data e feta ka mahlakore ka bobeli empa eseng ka nako e le 'ngoe
Haufi le uena ke, joalo ka: ((Assali eo molebeli a e sebelisang - a ke ke a bua le ho utloa ka nako e le ngoe))
3- duplex e felletseng
Lintlha li tsamaea ka bobeli ka nako e le 'ngoe
Joalo ka: ((Re ile ra phenya-phenya marang-rang - re bala le ho jarolla mananeo le ho romella likarabo ka nako e le ngoe)
((boholo ba marang-rang))
Boholo ba li-grids bo arotsoe ka:
marang-rang a sebaka seo
marang-rang a marang-rang
sebaka se pharaletseng networ
marang-rang a sebaka seo
Nakong e fetileng e ne e na le lisebelisoa tse fokolang, mohlomong tse fetang leshome, tse hokahantsoeng
E sebetsa hape sebakeng se lekantsoeng joalo ka ofisi kapa ka har'a moaho o le mong kapa meaho e mmaloa e haufi
marang-rang a marang-rang
Joaloka theknoloji ea lehae ea marang-rang, empa lebelo la eona le potlakile
Hobane e sebelisa likhoele tsa mahlo e le mokhoa oa puisano
E koahela sebaka se pharaletseng ho fihla ho 100 km.
sebaka se pharaletseng networ
Kopanya marang-rang a lehae linaheng tse fapaneng
E arotsoe likarolo tse peli:
1- marang-rang a khoebo
Khokahano ke ea makala a k'hamphani e le ngoe boemong ba naha kapa linaha tse 'maloa
2- marang-rang a lefatše
Mona ke litsi tse 'maloa linaheng tse' maloa.
MOEKETSI OSI
Mohlala oa Open Interconnection Model
(Mohlala o Bulehileng oa Reference System)
OSI e arola lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tse hlokahalang marang-rang ka likarolo tse supileng tse ikemetseng tse ikemetseng
Lera ka leng le na le mesebetsi e mengata ea marang-rang, lisebelisoa kapa li-protocols
Ha re shebeng li-layers tsena:
1- 'meleng
Khokahano ea 2-data
3- marang-rang
4- lipalangoang
5- setulo
6- tlhahiso
7- ts'ebeliso
Likarolo tse tharo tsa pele - tse nehetsoeng phetisong le phapanyetsano ea likoto le data -
Lera la bone le sebetsa joalo ka segokahanyo lipakeng tsa likarolo tse tlase le tse holimo
Likarolo tse tharo tse tlase - tse nehetsoeng lits'ebetsong le mananeong a basebelisi -
A re hlaloseng ka bokhutšoanyane karolo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe:
1- 'meleng
sehlopha sa 'mele
E na le boikarabello ba ho fetisa data ka likotoana
Lera lena le totobatsa mochini le motlakase
Ka cable le karete ea marang-rang, e boetse e khetholla mokhoa oa ho buisana pakeng tsa cable le karete ea marang-rang
Khokahano ea 2-data
lehokela
E lekanya botšepehi ba data e fetisitsoeng
Lipakete tse fuoeng eona li hokahane ho tloha boemong ba pele - ba 'mele.
E laola phallo ea data mme e boloka data e senyehileng
Litaelo le lintlha li romelloa ka sebopeho sa foreimi.
(foreime)
Lera lena le arola data ka liforeimi
Ke hore, ka ho arola bopaki ka likarolo tse nyane, ho eketsa hlooho le mohatla ho eona
(Hlooho le Vouter)
3- network Leqhubu la marang-rang
E ikarabella bakeng sa ho theha tsela lipakeng tsa khomphutha ea mohloli le khomphutha e shebiloeng
E ikarabella bakeng sa ho sebetsana le melaetsa le ho fetolela liaterese tse utloahalang le mabitso
ho liaterese tsa marang-rang tseo marang-rang a li utloisisang
4- lipalangoang
lera la lipalangoang
Joalokaha ho boletsoe, ke sona se arohanyang likarolo tse shebaneng le mosebelisi ho mekhahlelo e shebileng marang-rang
Ke lera le fetisang data mme le ikarabella bakeng sa phano ea lona e se nang liphoso
E boetse e arola tlhahisoleseling ka likarolo tse nyane ebe e li bokella sesebelisoa sa ho amohela
E na le boikarabello ba ho tsebisa rasiti e tsoang khomphuteng e amohelang hore thepa e amohetsoe ntle ho phoso
Ka bokhutšoanyane, e ea sebetsa ho netefatsa hore tlhaiso-leseling e tlisoa ntle ho liphoso le ka tatellano e nepahetseng
5- setulo
Lera la Moqoqo
Lera lena le theha puisano lipakeng tsa likhomphutha mme le lekola puisano ena le bongata ba data e fetisitsoeng
Le ho sheba diphasewete bakeng sa khokahano
E boetse e eketsa lintlha tsa boits'oaro ho data .. hore data e romelloe neng
Marang-rang a tla khutlela mosebetsing ho tloha moo phetisetso e ileng ea sitisoa teng.
6- tlhahiso
Lera la tlhahiso
Lera lena le hatella, le khetholla le ho kenyelletsa data
7- ts'ebeliso
Lera la kopo
Ke sehlopha sa maemo a holimo
E laola puisano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea likhomphutha
E boetse e thusa ka phetiso ea faele, ts'ebeletso ea khatiso, ts'ebeletso ea phihlello ea database
mefuta ea media ea netweke
Mecha ea phatlalatso ke mokhoa o sebelisoang ho fetisa matšoao
E ka aroloa ka mefuta e 'meli:
1-qhekelletse
2- e se nang tataiso
(1-guded)
Mofuta oa pele o arotsoe ka tse tharo:
Cable ea piano e sothehileng 1
Cable ea 2- coaxial
Thapo ea 3- fiber-optic
Cable ea piano e sothehileng 1
cable e sothehileng
E sebelisa mehala e fetang e le 'ngoe ea koporo ho fetisa matšoao
E na le mefuta e 'meli:
1- piar e sothehileng e sa sirelelitsoeng (UTP) l
Mohala oa para e sa koaloang
E na le likhoele tse 'maloa tse nang le sekoaelo se bonolo sa polasetiki
E fihla bolelele ba limithara tse 100.
Thapo ea 2-e khabisitsoeng e sothehileng (STP)
Thebe e kenyellelitsoeng mona e loketse tikoloho moo ho nang le tšitiso ea maqhubu a motlakase
Empa lithebe tse ekelitsoeng li etsa hore mohala o be moholo, ho be thata ho o tsamaisa kapa ho o tsamaisa.
Cable ea 2- coaxial
cable ea coaxial
E na le terata ea koporo e tiileng bohareng
E pota-potiloe ke mokato oa motlakase o e arohanyang le terata ea tšepe ea tšepe
Hobane tšebetso ea terata ena e sebetsa e le monya motlakase, hape e sireletsa setsi ho keneng motlakase
E na le mefuta e 'meli:
thini
botenya
Thapo ea 3- fiber-optic
Thapo ea fiber ea fiber
E sebelisetsoa ho fetisa lipontšo ka mokhoa oa khanya
E na le silindara sa khalase se lika-likelitsoeng ke mokato o matla oa khalase
E fihla hole le 2 km
Empa e theko e boima haholo
Lebelo la phetiso le tloha ho li-megabyte tse 100 ka motsotsoana ho isa ho li-gigabyte tse 2 motsotsoana
((2- un tataiso)
E sebelisetsoa ho romella matšoao libakeng tse telele le tse telele haholo
Hangata e theko e phahameng haholo
E tloaetse ho sebelisoa ha cabling e sa sebetse
Ho lipalangoang joalo ka litselana tsa metsi..kapa libaka tse hole ... kapa libaka tse matsaranka
(microwave)
likokoana-hloko
Fetisetsa melaetsa ea microwave le satellite
Ka mola o otlolohileng, ka hona, e hloka liteishene tsa phetisetso ho e hlophisa bocha ho potoloha bokaholimo ba lefatše.
Liteishene li matlafatsa lipontšo ebe lia li fetisa.
Empa mona re rarollotse mathata a 'maloa ao re a bitsang
Ho senyeha ha phetiso
Mehlala ea eona:
1- thibelo
E felloa ke matla.
Lebaka ke tsoelo-pele ea ho fetisa lets'oao ka thapo ea koporo
2- ho sotha pontšo
Ke phetoho ea sebopeho sa lets'oao kapa likarolo tsa lona le lebaka la seo
Likarolo tsa matšoao li fihla ka lebelo le fapaneng hobane karolo ka 'ngoe e na le maqhubu a fapaneng.
3- Lerata
A- Ho tsoa mohloling o kahare:
Ke boteng ba lets'oao le fetileng ka mohala o hlahisang lets'oao le lecha le fapaneng le lets'oao la pele
b- Ho tsoa mohloling o kantle (crosstalk)
Ke lets'oao la motlakase le tsoang terateng e haufi.
Ho etsa marang-rang ho nolofalitsoe - Selelekela ho li-Protocol
