Networking Yakareruka - Nhanganyaya kumaProtocol

Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP) zvivakwa
Iyi protocol ndeye yakajairwa uye yakasimbiswa network protocol
Mazhinji masisitimu anoshanda enetiweki dzazvino uye makuru network anotsigira TCP / IP.
Icho zvakare chikamu chikuru chekushandisa iyo Internet uye e-mail
Iyo yekutaurirana maitiro kuburikidza ne (TCP / IP) yakarongedzwa kuita mana akaturikidzana, uye yega yega nhete
Unoita basa chairo.

Protocol Layers (TCP / IP)
TCP / IP -VANHU

1- KUSHANDISA LAYER

((HTTP, FTP))

2-dura rekufambisa (TRANSPORT LAYER)

((TCP, UDP))

3- LETERI YEMAHARA

((IP, ICMP, IGMP, ARP))

4- NETWORK INTERFACE LAYER

((ATM, ethernet))

Tsananguro yakareruka zvakasiyana:

1- KUSHANDISA LAYER

Iyo software layer iri padanho repamusoro muTCP / IP protocol suite
Iine zvese zvinoshandiswa uye zvinoshandiswa zvinogonesa kuwana netiweki.
Maprotocol ari mudenga aya anoita basa rekutanga uye kuchinjana ruzivo rwemushandisi
Mienzaniso yezvibvumirano ndeiyi:

A- Hypertext Kutamisa Protocol

uye chidimbu chayo (HTTP).
Iyo HTTP protocol inoshandiswa kuendesa mafaera ayo akaumbwa nemawebhusaiti nemapeji eInternet, senge HTML mapeji.

b- File Transfer Protocol

chidimbu (FTP)
Iyo inoshandiswa kuendesa mafaera pamusoro penetiweki.

2-dura rekufambisa (TRANSPORT LAYER)

Iyi dura inopa mukana wekukumbira uye kuona kutaurirana (pakati pemidziyo yakabatana kune imwe neimwe).
Pakati pemienzaniso yake:

A- Transmission yekudzora protocol

chidimbu (TCP)

Iyo protocol inosimbisa kusvika kwemutepfenyuri
Iyo yekubatanidza-yakavakirwa mhando uye inoda kugadzira musangano usati watumira data pakati pemakomputa.
Izvo zvakare zvinoona kuti iyo data inogamuchirwa nenzira kwayo uye fomu, sezvo inoda (Kutenda) ziviso kubva kunzvimbo yekuenda.
Kana iyo data ikasasvika, TCP inoitumira zvakare, uye kana ikagamuchirwa, inotora (Kutenda) chitupa uye inoita
Tumira inotevera batch uye zvichingodaro ....

B- Mushandisi Datagram Protocol

chidimbu (UDP)

Iyi protocol ndeye yeNoconnection-Yakavakirwa mhando
((kubatanidza)) zvichireva:
Kusavimbika kubatana
- Haigadzi musangano pakati pemakomputa panguva yekubatana
Izvo hazvipe vimbiso yekuti iyo data ichagamuchirwa sekutumwa kwayakaitwa

Muchidimbu, zvinopesana neTCP.
Nekudaro, iyi protocol ine zvayakanakira zvinoita kuti ishandiswe kudikanwa mune dzimwe nguva
Kufanana nekutumira ruzhinji rwevanhu data
Kana kana kumhanya kuchidikanwa. (Asi iko kumhanya pasina kurongeka mukutakura!
Iyo inoshandiswa kuendesa multimedia senge odhiyo, vhidhiyo
Nekuti ndeye midhiya isingade kunyatsoita mukuwana.
Iyo zvakare inoshanda zvakanyanya uye inokurumidza mukuita

Chimwe chezvikonzero zvakakosha chakatungamira mukugadzirwa kweiyo UDP protocol
Kufambisa kuburikidza neiyi protocol inoda chete mutoro mudiki uye nguva
(Nekuti mapaketi eUDP - UDP Datagram haina data rese rakataurwa neTCP protocol yekutarisa kutapurirana.
Kubva pane zvese izvi tinogona kuona kuti nei zvichinzi kutaurirana kusiri kwechokwadi.

3- LETERI YEMAHARA

Iyi dura ine basa rekumonera mapaketi mune dhata zvikamu (kurongedza).
Kugadzira uye Kutaura

Iyi dura ine zvinyorwa zvina zvakakosha:

A- Internet protocol -IP

b- Kero Resolution Protocol -ARP

C- Internet Kudzora Meseji Protocol (ICMP)

D- Internet Boka manejimendi protocol - IGMP

Ngatitsanangurei yega yega protocol nenzira yakapusa:

A- Internet protocol -IP

Iyo ndeimwe yemaprotocol akakosha nekuti pane chinhu chekutaura icho chinoshandiswa kupa komputa yega yega pamambure nhamba yayo.
Inodaidzwa kuti IP kero, uye iri kero yakasarudzika iyo isina kufanana munzvimbo yedandemutande
Iyo IP inozivikanwa ne:

Kugadzirira
Kavha

Kugadzirisa kutarisa kero iri papakeji uye ndokuipa mvumo yekufamba netiweki.
Mvumo iyi ine nguva yakatarwa (NGUVA YEKURARAMA) .Kana nguva iyi ikapera, paketi iyoyo inonyungudika uye haichazokonzere kuzara mukati medandemutande.

Maitiro ekujekesa uye kurongedza zvakare
Iyo inoshandiswa kugadzira mamwe marudzi akasiyana enetiweki seToken Mhete uye Ethernet
Nekuda kwekufanana kwechiratidzo nekwanisi mukutumira zviratidzo, zvinofanirwa kupatsanurwa zvobva zvasanganazve.

b- Kero Resolution Protocol -ARP

Inotarisirwa kugadzirisa IP kero uye kutsvaga Kwayo kuenda uchishandisa MAC kero mune network yeInzvimbo
Kana iyo IP yawana chikumbiro chekubatanidza kune komputa, inoenda ipapo kune iyo ARP sevhisi uye inobvunza nezvenzvimbo yekero iyi pane network.
Ipapo iyo ARP protocol inotsvaga iyo kero mundangariro yayo, uye kana ikaiwana, inopa mepu chaiyo yekero
Kana iyo komputa iri kure (mune iri kure network), iyo ARP inoendesa iyo IP kune iyo ROUTER wave kero.
Ipapo iyi router inoendesa chikumbiro kuna ARP kuti utarise kumusoro kweMAC kero yeiyo IP nhamba.

4- NETWORK INTERFACE LAYER

Inotarisirwa nekuisa iyo data kuti itumirwe pakati penetiweki (NETWORK MEDIUM)
Uye kuigamuchira kubva kudivi rekugamuchira Destination
Iine zvese zvishandiso nekubatana kwekubatanidza zvishandiso mu network, se:
Wires, zvinongedzo, makadhi enetiweki.
Iine zvirevo zvinotsanangura nzira yekutumira data mu network, se:
-ATM
-Ethernet
-Rin'i Rin'i

((Kero dzePort))

Mushure mekunge tadzidza iyo software (iyo TCP / IP masara)
Chero mudziyo uri munetiweki unogona kuve neanopfuura chirongwa chimwe (kunyorera).
Yakabatanidzwa kune imwe kana mamwe mapurogiramu uye pane imwe nhamba yemamwe madivayiri panguva imwe chete.
Kuti TCP / IP isiyanise pakati pechirongwa nechimwe, inofanirwa kushandisa inonzi Port.

Ruzivo pfupi nezve chiteshi
Iyi inhamba inoratidza kana kuratidza chirongwa mu network.
Uye inotsanangurwa paTCP kana paUDP
Iko kukosha kwenhamba dzakapihwa kuzviteshi zvinomira kubva pa0 (zero) kusvika pamazana makumi matanhatu nemashanu
Kune zvekare kune akati wandei emachiteshi akachengeterwa kushandiswa neanozivikanwa mapurogiramu kana kunyorera, senge:
FTP kunyorera Iyo data yekufambisa data inoshandisa chiteshi 20 kana 21
Zvishandiso zveHTTP panoshandiswa chiteshi 80.