Kugamuchirwa kune vateveri vetiketi net webhusaiti
Nhasi tinopa kwamuri akakosha mazwi akajairika mumisimboti ye
CCNA
Nechikomborero chaMwari, ngatitangei
(((Network Zvakakosha))
VPN: Virtual Yakavanzika Network
o Iyo nzira yekunyorera nzvimbo kunongedza muchinjikwa paruzhinji network
VOIP: Inzwi pamusoro peInternet Protocol
Kuendeswa kwekutaurirana kwezwi pamusoro peIP network
o sevhisi inoshandura izwi rako kuita dhijitari chiratidzo chinofamba pamusoro peinternet
SAM: Mutariri weAcount Account
o Dhatabhesi ine mushandisi account uye tsananguro dzekuchengetedza muboka rebasa
LAN: Yemunharaunda Nharaunda Network
o Kubatanidza maviri kana anopfuura pc uye nemidziyo inoenderana mukati meimwe nharaunda
MUNHU: Metropolitan Area Network
Yakakura kupfuura LAN uye diki pane WAN
WAN: Yakakura Nzvimbo Network
o Yakashandiswa kubatanidza LANs pamwechete
MAC: Midhiya yekuwana Kudzora
O Inotarisirwa nekero yehardware
Zita reZita:
Ingori zita rewebhusaiti yeex: www.tedata.net inonzi Domain zita.
Zita Rino Shandira:
o Ivhavha iyo iine maZone mafaera edomain yevatengi iyo inosanganisira iyo yakakosha ruzivo rwechisimba senge (A & MX zvinyorwa).
Iyo Yekugamuchira Server:
o Ivhavha iyo iine maFTP mafaera edunhu revatengi uye inogona kugovaniswa kana kuonekwa.
Iyo mail server:
o Isevha iyo inofanirwa kuve nemutengi kana achida kugadzira maE-mail pasi penzvimbo yake yechinyakare. ([email inodzivirirwa])
HTML: hypertextMarkup Mutauro
o Ndiyo yakapusa kodhi yekugadzira mapeji ewebhu ese maseva chero saiti yakagadzirwa nekutumira dhata kune browser kuburikidza html fomati
NAT: network kero kushandura
o Ndiko kududzirwa kweInternet Protocol keroIP kero) inoshandiswa mukati meimwe network kune imwe IP kero inozivikanwa mukati meimwe network, Imwe network inosarudzwa iyo yemukati network uye imwe yacho iri yekunze. Kazhinji, kambani mepu ndeyemuno mukati memakero kero kune imwe kana akawanda epasirese kunze kwe IP kero uye unmaps iyo yepasi rese IP kero pane anouya mapakeji adzokere munzvimbo dzemuno IP kero. Izvi zvinobatsira kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza sezvo chikumbiro chega chega chinobuda kana chinouya chinofanira kupfuura neshanduro yekushandura iyo zvakare inopa mukana wekukodzera kana kusimbisa chikumbiro kana kuchichienderana nechikumbiro chekare. NAT zvakare inochengetedza pane huwandu hwepasi rose IP kero iyo inoda kambani uye inoita kuti kambani ishandise imwechete IP kero mukutaurirana kwayo nenyika.
Musiyano uripo pakati pehafu duplex uye yakazara duplex
o Duplex
Maitiro modemu anoshandura dhata: hafu duplex kana yakazara duplex. Iine hafu duplex transmissions, imwe chete modem ndiyo inogona kutumira data panguva. Yakazara duplex transmissions inobvumira ma modem ese kutumira data panguva imwe chete.
o Hafu duplex
Mamiriro anogonesa matekinoroji ekutumira data imwe-nzira panguva imwe, zvinoreva kuti nhare dzese dzemambure hadzigone kutumira data panguva imwe chete. Zvakafanana newalkie-talkie, munhu mumwe chete ndiye anogona kutaura panguva.
o Yakazara duplex
Ino gonesa maviri enetiweki michina kutumira data panguva imwechete uye inovandudza network kuita. Zvakafanana nekufonera shamwari yako uchishandisa runhare kana nharembozha, mese munogona kutaura nekuteerera panguva imwe chete.
Musiyano uripo pakati peanalogog nedhijitari.
o Zviratidzo zveAnalog
Shandisa zvinoramba zvichishanduka magetsi magetsi uye ma voltages kuburitsa dhata iri kutapuriranwa. Sezvo dhata inotumirwa ichishandisa masaisai akasarudzika mune yeanalog system, zvakaoma kwazvo kubvisa ruzha uye kushatisa kwemafungu panguva yekufambisa. Nechikonzero ichi, zviratidzo zveanalogog hazvigone kuita yepamusoro-soro data data.
o Zviratidzo zveDhijitari
Shandisa bhanari dhata tambo (0 ne1) kuburitsa dhata iri kuendeswa. Ruzha uye kukanganisa kunokanganisa zvishoma, zvichiita kuti mhando yepamusoro yedhizaiti iite. INS-Net yemhando yepamusoro yedhijitari yedhizaini kumhanya kwakanyanya inobatsira zvakanyanya kutapurirana uchishandisa makomputa sezvo makomputa pachawo anoshandisa madigital masaiti ekugadzirisa ruzivo.
Musiyano uripo pakati peFirewalls & Proxy
o Firewall
Chikamu chekomputa systemor network inochengetedza sisitimu nekudzivirira kupinda kusingatenderwe pamusoro peinternet. Iyo proxy server imwe yemhando ye firewall.
o Basic Firewall Basa
Firewall inoshanda nekuongorora pasuru yega yega yeruzivo inotumirwa pakati pekomputa yakachengetedzwa nemakomputa kunze kwenzvimbo yemuno. Mapakeji asinga sangana nemimwe mitemo akavharika.
o Dzimwe Mhando dzeFirewall
Mazhinji firewalls zvirongwa zve software panzvimbo yemakomputa akapatsanurwa senge proxy server. Iyo purogiramu inoongorora internet traffic yekombuta uye inobvumira kana kuramba kupinda zvichienderana nemitemo yakatemwa nemushandisi.
o Proxy Server
A proxy server ikomputa inogara pakati penetiweki yemuno nedzimwe internet. Zvese zvekunze kuwana kune network zvinopfuura nepaseva iyi.
o Proxy Makomborero
Nekuti traffic yese kumakomputa akachengetedzwa inofanirwa kupfuura neproxy server, vekunze vashandisi havagone kufumura chaiwo network kero dzemakomputa munetiweki yemuno, iyo inowedzera imwe dura rekuchengetedza.
o Kukanganisa kweProxy
Muridzi we proxy server anogona kuona traffic yese iri pakati petiweki neinternet yekunze, iyo inogona kudzikamisa kuvanzika kwevashandisi vega mukati me proxy. Zvakare, proxy sevha dzinoda kumisikidza hombe uye nekudaro hazvishande kune imwechete makomputa.
Signal-kune-ruzha chiyero
o (Kazhinji yakapfupikiswa SNR kana S / N) chiyero chekuyera kuwanda kwechiratidzo chakakanganiswa ne ruzha. Inotsanangurwa sechiyero chesimba remagetsi kune simba reruzha rinokanganisa chiratidzo.
o Chiyero chinowanzo kuyerwa muma decibel (dB).
Chii chinonzi: SNR Margin uye Line Attenuation? Zvinobatsira here kuziva yangu mhando mhando?
o SNR
SNR zvinoreva Chiratidzo kuRuzha Ratio. Ingoisa zvakapatsanura iyo Signal kukosha neNoise Value uye iwe unowana SNR. Iwe unoda yakakwirira SNR yekubatana kwakatsiga. Kazhinji, chiratidzo chepamusoro kune ruzha chiyero chinoguma nezvikanganiso zvishoma.
• 6bB. kana pazasi = Zvakaipa uye hazvizowani mutsetse wekuenderana uye kazhinji kukamurwa
• 7dB-10dB. = Yakanaka asi haisiye nzvimbo yakawanda yekusiyana kwemamiriro.
• 11dB-20dB. = Yakanaka ine shoma kana isina kusagadzikana matambudziko
• 20dB-28dB. = Zvakanaka
• 29dB. kana pamusoro = Yakasarudzika
Ziva kuti mazhinji ma modem anoratidza kukosha seSNR Margin uye kwete yakachena SNR.
o SNR Margin
iwe unogona kufunga nezve SNR margin sechiyero chehunhu hwebasa; inotsanangura kugona kweshumiro kushanda isina mhosho panguva yekuputika kweruzha.
Ichi ndicho chiyero chemusiyano pakati peNRR yako yazvino uye SNR iyo inofanirwa kuchengetedza sevhisi yakavimbika pakumhanya kwako kwekubatana. Kana SNR yako iri padyo padiki neiyo inodiwa SNR, iwe unowanzo kuve nekutambura kwepakati pekubatana zvikanganiso, kana kudzikira. Unoda muganhu wepamusoro kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti kuputika kwekukanganisa hakukonzere kusagadzikana.
Netsika Broadband, yakakwira iyo SNR Margin, zvirinani. NaMaxDSL iyo inomhanya mhanyisa inongowanikwa sekushambadzira nezvine mutsara wako unogona kutsigira zvakavimbika. Iyo Target SNR Margin ingangoita 6dB. Kana bhendi rako rakapihwa kuburikidza neLLU (Yemunharaunda Loop Isina kusungwa) network, iyi tarisiro SNR Margin inogona kunge yakakwira se12dB.
Mutsetse Attenuation
Kazhinji, kuderedzwa ndiko kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo pamusoro penzvimbo. Nehurombo, kurasikirwa kweDB hakungo kungoenderana nedaro. Izvo zvakare zvinoenderana nekamberi mhando uye geji (iyo inogona kusiyanisa pamusoro pehurefu hwetambo), iyo nhamba uye nzvimbo dzimwe nzvimbo dzekubatanidza pane tambo.
o 20bB. Uye pazasi = Yakatanhamara
o 20dB-30dB. = Zvakanaka
o 30dB-40dB. = Zvakanaka kwazvo
o 40dB-50dB. = Zvakanaka
o 50dB-60dB. = Varombo uye vanogona kusangana nenyaya dzekubatanidza
o 60dB. Uye pamusoro = Zvakaipa uye uchaona nyaya dzekubatanidza
o Kuderedzwa kwemutsara kunokanganisawo kumhanya kwako.
o 75 dB +: Kunze kwepakati pebandband
o 60-75 dB: max mhanyisa kusvika ku512kbps
o 43-60dB: max mhanyisa kusvika 1Mbps
o 0-42dB: mhanyisa kusvika 2Mbps +
Kufunga kuti SNR yako yakaderera, unogona kuita zvinotevera kuwedzera SNR yako zvinotevera:
Ziva panowanikwa runhare mbozha mumba mako
Tsvaga iyo yose kudzoka kubhokisi rejunction
Tarisa uone kana tambo iri mune yakanaka chimiro - kwete yakawandisa yakakwenenzverwa, hapana welds, iyo waya haipfuure nechero magetsi tambo kana tambo dze satellite.
Pane junction bhokisi, tarisa kubatana. Iyo yakaora, yakasanganiswa? Kana hongu, nyora pasi.
Musiyano uripo pakati peRJ11 & RJ45
o RJ
Iyo yakanyoreswa jack ndeye yakaenzana muviri network interface- zvese zviri zviviri kuvakwa kwejack uye wiring pateni - yekubatanidza kutaurirana kana michina yedata kune sevhisi yakapihwa ne mutakuri wekuchinjana wemuno or mutakuri wedaro refu.
o RJ11
Iyo yakajairika jack mhando inowanzo shandiswa yekubatanidza analogue nhare, modem uye fax michina kune yekutaurirana tambo.
o RJ45
Ndiyo mhando yemhando yekubatanidza yetambo tambo. RJ45 zvinongedzo zvinowanzoonekwa ne Ethernettambo uye network.
RJ45 zvinongedzo zvine mapini masere kune iyo tambo tambo tambo tambo inogadzirwa nemagetsi. Standard RJ-45 pinouts inotsanangura kurongeka kweiyo yega waya inodiwa kana uchibatanidza zvinobatanidza kune tambo.
Ethernet Cable - Ruvara Coding Dhizaini
o Zviratidzo zvakapetwa zviri zviviri zvemhando mbiri dzetambo dzeITP Ethernet uye tarisa kuti makomiti anogona sei kugadzira gaba rehonye maari. Heano madhayagiramu:
o Ziva kuti iyo TX (transmitter) pini dzakabatana zvinoenderana neRX (inogamuchira) mapini, pamwe nekuwedzera uye kubvisa kusvika pakubvisa. Uye kuti iwe unofanirwa kushandisa tambo yecrossover kubatanidza zvikamu zvine zvakafanana nzvimbo. Kana iwe ukashandisa tambo-yakatwasuka-kuburikidza netambo, imwe yemaviri mayuniti inofanira, mukuita, kuita kuyambuka-pamusoro basa.
O tambo mbiri-kodhi kodhi zviyero zvinoshanda: EIA / TIA 568A uye EIA / TIA 568B. Iwo macode anowanzo kuratidzwa neRJ-45 jacks seinotevera (maonero acho anobva kumberi kwemajack):
Kana isu tikashandisa iyo 568A kodhi kodhi uye tichiratidza tambo dzese sere, pini-yedu inotaridzika seiyi:
o Ziva kuti pini 4, 5, 7, uye 8 uye bhuruu nebhuruu zviviri hazvishandiswe mune chero muyero. Zvakapesana nezvaungaverenga kune imwe nzvimbo, mapini aya newaya hazvishandiswe kana kudiwa kuti zviitwe 100BASE-TX duplexing - zvinongova zvisina basa.
o Zvisinei, tambo chaidzo hadzisi idzo dzakareruka. Mune madhayagiramu, waya maviri eorenji haasi padhuze. Iwo ebhuruu maviri akatarisana-pasi. Kurudyi kunopera mechi RJ-45 jacks uye kuruboshwe magumo haadaro. Kana, semuenzaniso, tikashandura divi rekuruboshwe re568A "yakatwasuka" -tru tambo kuti ienzane ne568 jack-isa imwe 180 ° kutenderera tambo yese kubva kumagumo-kusvika-kumagumo- uye kumonyanisa pamwechete nekugadzirisa zvakare akakodzera mapara, tinowana zvinotevera zvinogona-zvehonye:
Izvi zvinowedzera kusimbisa, ndinovimba, kukosha kweshoko rekuti "twist" mukugadzira tambo dzenetwork dzinoshanda. Iwe haugone kushandisa yakatetepa-isina kuvhurika tambo tambo kune network network. Zvakare, iwe unofanirwa kushandisa tambo dzakamonyoroka kuti ubatanidze seti yemapini ekutepfenyura kune avo anowirirana ekugamuchira mapini. Iwe haugone kushandisa waya kubva kune rimwe peya uye imwe waya kubva kune akasiyana maviri.
Tikachengeta misimboti iri pamusoro mundangariro, tinogona kurerutsa dhayagiramu ye 568A yakatwasuka-tambo tambo nekusunungura waya, kunze kweiyo 180 ° inokanganisa tambo yese, uye kukomberedza magumo kumusoro. Zvimwechetezvo, kana tikachinjana mapara egirini uye eorenji mumufananidzo we568A tinowana dhizaini yakareruka ye568B tambo yakatwasuka. Kana isu tikayambuka girini uye orenji mapara mune 568A dhayagiramu tinosvika pane yakareruka dhayagiramu yekroska tambo. Ose matatu anoratidzwa pazasi.
o Kufambisa kwekumhanya kweKati 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6 network tambo
Cat 5 uye Cat 5e UTP tambo dzinogona kutsigira 10/100/1000 Mbps Ethernet. Kunyangwe Cat 5 tambo inogona kutsigira kune imwe nhanho muGigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps), inoita pazasi peyakajairwa panguva yepamusoro-dhata yekuchinjisa zviitiko.
o Cat 6 UTP tambo inogadzirwa yakanangana neGigabit Ethernet uye kumashure kunoenderana ne10 / 100 Mbps Ethernet. Inoita zvirinani ipapo Cat 5 tambo ine yakakwira yekufambisa chiyero uye yakadzika yekuparadzira kukanganisa. Kana iwe uchironga kuve neGigabit network, tsvaga Cat 5e kana Cat 6 UTP tambo.
o Protocols:
Iyo protocol inotsanangura yakajairika seti yemitemo nezviratidzo zvinoshandiswa nemakomputa padandemutande kutaura.
TCP / IP modhi, kana internet protocol suite
Inotsanangudza seti yemaitiro dhizaini dhizaini uye kumisikidza kwemaitiro chaiwo enetiweki kuitira kuti makomputa ataure pamusoro penetiweki
TCP / IP inopa end to end yekubatanidza inotsanangura kuti data rinofanira kugadziriswa sei, kufambiswa, kufambiswa uye kugashirwa kwaunenge uchienda
TCP: kufambisa kudzora protocol
Ipa yakavimbika kuendesa data
UDP: mushandisi wedhatagram protocolp>
Inobvumira datagram kuchinjana pasina kubvuma
IP: Internet Protocol
o IP kero yekombuta kana imwe netiweki netiweki pane network uchishandisa IP kana TCP / IP. Semuenzaniso, iyo nhamba "166.70.10.23" muenzaniso wekero yakadaro. Idzi kero dzakafanana nekero dzinoshandiswa padzimba uye dzinobatsira dhata kusvika kwazvinofanira kuenda kunetiweki.
Kune akati wandei IP kero anoshandiswa kana otomatiki akapihwa pane network. Semuyenzaniso:
166.70.10.0 0 ndiyo yakapihwa yega kero kero.
166.70.10.1 1 ndiyo kero inowanzo shandiswa segedhi.
166.70.10.2 2 iri zvakare kero inowanzo shandiswa inoshandiswa pagedhi.
166.70.10.255 255 inozopihwa otomatiki pamazhinji network seye kero yekutepfenyura.
DHCP: Dynamic inomisikidza gadziriso protocol
Port nhamba
- DHCP mutengi 546 / TCP UDP
- Server DHCP 546 / TCP UDP
Inotendera sevha kugovera zvine simba IP kero uye kune ruzivo rwakawanda iyo DHCP server inogona kupa kune inomiririra kana iyo inomiririra iri kukumbira IP kero kubva kuDHCP server senge IP kero, subnet mask, default gateway, DNS, zita rezita , WINS ruzivo.
DNS: domain name service (sevha)
o Resource locator
o Inogadzirisa zita revagari kune IPs uye nehumwe huchenjeri
Gadzirisa izita rakazara zita rezita (FQDN)
o Inosanganisira:
Rekodhi: gadzirisa zita rezita kune IP kero
MX rekodhi: gadzirisa mail server kune IP kero
PTR rekodhi: pakatarisana neA rekodhi uye MX rekodhi, Gadzirisa kero ye IP kuzita rezita kana tsamba server
PPP: Nongedzera kuPoint Protocol
Protocol inobvumidza komputa kubatana neInternet kuburikidza ne dial-in kubatana uye kunakirwa yakawanda yezvakanaka zvekubatana kwakananga; kusanganisira kugona kumhanyisa graphical kumberi kumagumo senge Internet Browsers. PPP inowanzoonekwa seyakakwirira kupfuura SLIP, nekuti inoratidzira kukanganisa, kumanikidza dhata, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvemaproteinese ekutaurirana emazuva ano asina SLIP.
PPPoE: Nongedzera kunongedza protocol pamusoro peEthernet
o Network network yekuvhara poindi kunongedzera protocol (PPP) furemu mukati memafuremu eEthernet.
o Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya neDSL masevhisi uko munhu wega mushandisi akajeka metro Ethernet network.
SMTP: nyore tsamba yekufambisa protocol
o Port nhamba 25 / TCP UDP
o Mushandisi kutumira tsamba (ichibuda)
POP3: post office protocol
o Port nhamba 110 / TCP
o Inoshandiswa kugamuchira tsamba (inouya)
FTP: faira yekufambisa protocol
o Port nhamba 21 / TCP
ngatitumirei mafaira uye anogona kuita izvi pakati pemuchina chero mumwe
o FTP haisi purogiramu chete, zvakare chirongwa
Zvakaita se: ita faira basa neruoko
o Inobvumira kuwana kune ese madhairekitori & mafaera
Yakachengeteka saka vashandisi vanofanirwa kuiswa pasi pekutendeseka login (yakachengetedzwa nemushandisi zita uye password inoitwa nehurongwa maneja kudzora kupinda)
o FTP ndeimwe sarudzo yaunofanira kufunga kana iwe uri kuda kutumira uye kugamuchira mafaera mahombe (nekuti maIPs mazhinji haatenderi mafaira akakura kupfuura 5 MB kutumirwa email)
o FTP inokurumidza kupfuura e-mail, chinova chimwe chikonzero chekushandisa ftp yekutumira kana kugamuchira mafaera mahombe
SNMP: yakapusa network manejimendi protocol
o Port nhamba 161 / UDP
o Unganidza nekushandura yakakosha ruzivo ruzivo
o Kana yaishandiswa kubata TCP / IP-based uye IPX-based network.
HTTP: hypertext yekuchinjisa protocol
o Port nhamba 80 / TCP
o Chikumbiro chikamu cheproteocol, inoshandiswa kudzosa zviwanikwa zvakabatana zvinodaidzwa kuti hyper zvinyorwa zvemavara kumisikidzwa kweWorld Wide Web
o HTTP /1.0 yakashandisa kubatana kwakabatana kwese gwaro
o HTTP /1.1 inogona kushandisa zvekare kubatana kumwe kurodha pasi.
LDAP: lightweight dhairekitori yekuwana protocol
o Port nhamba 389 / TCP
o Protocol yevatengi kubvunza uye kugadzirisa ruzivo mune dhairekitori sevhisi pamusoro peTCP yekubatanidza chiteshi 389
OSPF: vhura ipfupi nzira kutanga
o Inosanganisira nzvimbo nenzvimbo dzakazvimiririra
o Inoderedza nzira yekuvandudza traffic
o Inotendera scalability
o Ine muganho hop kuverenga
o Inobvumira vatengi-vatengesi kutumirwa (yakavhurika standard)
Tsigira VLSM
ISDN: Yakabatanidzwa services digital network
o wepasi rese kukurukurirana mureza yekutumira izwi, Video, uye dhata pamusoro pematare edhijitari kana akajairwa nhare. ISDN zvitsigiso dhata rekuchinjisa mareti pamusoro 64 Kbps (64,000 bits pasekondi).
o Pane mhando mbiri dzeISDN:
o Yekutanga Rate Interface (BRI) - inosanganisira maviri 64-Kbps B-chiteshi uye mumwe D-chiteshi yekufambisa ruzivo rwekudzora.
o Yekutanga Rate Interface (PRI) - ine 23 B-chiteshi uye imwe D-chiteshi (US) kana makumi matatu B-chiteshi uye imwe D-chiteshi (Europe).
o Iyo yekutanga vhezheni yeISNN inoshandisa baseband hutachiwana. Imwe vhezheni, inonzi B-ISDN, inoshandisa Broadband transmission uye inokwanisa kutsigira hutepfenyuro hwe 1.5 Mbps. B-ISDN inoda tambo dzemagetsi uye haina kuwanikwa zvakanyanya.
Akatungamira mutsara
Tambo yerunhare yakabhadharwa kuti ishandiswe pachivande, Mune dzimwe mamiriro, inonzi tambo yakatsaurirwa. Mutsetse wakabhadharwa unowanzo siyaniswa netambo yakachinjika kana yekufona-kumusoro.
o Kazhinji, makambani makuru anobhadhara mitsara yakabhadharwa kubva kunhare dzinotakura (senge AT&T) kuti dzibatanidze dzakasiyana nzvimbo dzenzvimbo mukambani yavo. Imwe nzira ndeyekutenga nekuchengetedza yavo yega mitsara kana, pamwe, chinja, kushandisa veruzhinji mitsara ine yakachengeteka mameseji maprotocol. (Izvi zvinonzi tunneling).
Yenharaunda chiuno
Mune nharembozha, chiuno chemuno chiunganidzwa chine waya kubva kukambani yenhare hofisi yepakatimune imwe nharaunda kune vatengi vayo 'nhare kudzimba nemabhizinesi. Iyi yekubatanidza inowanzo pane peya yematare emhangura anonzi peya yakakombama. Iyo sisitimu yakatanga yakagadzirirwa izwi kutapurirana chete uchishandisa analog kufambisa tekinoroji pane imwechete izwi chiteshi. Nhasi, yako komputa modem inoita shanduko pakati pezviratidzo zveanalogog nemasaini edhijitari. Iine Yakabatanidzwa Services Dhijitari NetworkISDN) kana Dhijitari Subscriber Line (DSL), iyo yekutenderera yemuno inogona kutakura madhijitari akanangana zvakananga uye padanho rakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura zvavanoita nezwi chete.
Spyware
o Imhando yemarware inogona kuiswa pairi makombiyuta, uye ndeipi inounganidza zvidimbu zvemashoko nezvevashandisi vasina ruzivo rwavo? Iko kuvapo kwe spyware kunowanzo kuvanzwa kubva kumushandisi, uye kunogona kuve kwakaoma kuona. Kazhinji, spyware inoiswa pachivande pane yemushandisi personal computer. Dzimwe nguva, zvakadaro, spywares sengeanokosha vanotema matanda
yakaiswa nemuridzi weakagovaniswa, yemubatanidzwa, kana komputa yeruzhinji nechinangwa kuitira kuti uongorore pakavanda vamwe vashandisi.
Nepo izwi rekuti spyware richiratidza software inoongorora pakavanda komputa yemushandisi, mashandiro e spyware anowedzera kupfuura kungotarisa kuri nyore. Zvirongwa zveSpyware zvinogona kuunganidza mhando dzakasiyana dze ruzivo rwevanhu, senge maitiro eInternet ekushambadzira uye masaiti akamboshanyirwa, asi anogona zvakare kukanganisa kudzora kwevashandisi vecomputer nedzimwe nzira, sekuisa yekuwedzera software uye kuendesa zvakare Web browser chiitiko. Spyware inozivikanwa nekushandura marongero emakomputa, zvichikonzera kunonoka kubatana kwekumhanya, akasiyana epamba mapeji, uye / kana kurasikirwa kwe Internet kubatana kana mashandiro ezvimwe zvirongwa. Mukuyedza kuwedzera kunzwisiswa kwespyware, kupatsanura kwakasarudzika kwemhando dzayo dzakabatanidzwa software kunopihwa nezwi iri zvakavanzika-zvinokanganisa software.
Mukupindura kubuda kwe spyware, indasitiri diki yatanga kushanda mukati anti spyware software. Kumhanya anti-spyware software chave chinhu chinozivikanwa zvakanyanya che computer security yemakomputa, kunyanya iwo anomhanya Microsoft Windows. Nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzakapfuudza mitemo inopesana nespyware, iyo inowanzo tarisa chero software inogadzirirwa zvakavanzika kudzora komputa yemushandisi.
o Universal Serial Bhazi (USB)
o Universal Serial Bus (USB) seti yekubatanidza maratidziro akagadzirwa neIntel mukubatana nevatungamiriri veindasitiri. USB inobvumidza yakakwira-kumhanya, nyore kubatana kwezvipenga kune PC. Kana yaiswa mukati, zvese zvinogadzirisa otomatiki. USB ndiyo inobudirira kwazvo kubatana munhoroondo yemunhu komputa uye yakatamira kune yevatengi zvemagetsi (CE) uye nhare zvigadzirwa.
o Zvakakosha Zvinyorwa
Yekumhanyisa kumhanyisa mutafura iri pamusoro inoverengwa neKilobyte (8 bit = 1 byte).
Yekumhanyisa kurodha patafura iri pamusoro inoverengwa neKilobyte (KB).
Network Zvishandiso
Hub
o Rudzi rusinganzwisisike rwekushandisa network.
Shanda pane yakasarudzika (dura 1).
o Inotora dhata mune chimwe chiteshi uye yobva yaendesa kunze kweimwe doko, saka chero ruzivo rwunotumirwa kana kugamuchirwa nechero PC imwechete paHub inopfuudzwa kune imwe PC, izvi zvakaipa kuchengetedzeka.
Inoshandisa yakawanda yehupamhi bhendi pamambure, sezvo makomputa achifanira kugashira data ravasingade.
Chinja (Bridge)
o Zvimwe zvine hungwaru mhando ye network network.
o Multi-Port Bridge inoshanda pane dhata yekubatanidza dhata (dura 2).
Ziva iyo MAC kero yePC yega yega, saka kana data rikapinda muSwitch rinongotumira data kudzoka kunze kwechiteshi chakapihwa kukomputa kero yeMAC.
Joinha makomputa akawanda pamwechete mukati meimwe yenzvimbo network (LAN) kana imwechete network.
Shandura inochengetedza network Bhendi upamhi uye kazhinji kuita zvirinani kupfuura Hub.
Router
o Rudzi rwakangwara kwazvo rwekushandisa network.
Shanda pa network network (dura 3).
o Router inogona kuverenga IP kero yePC yega yega uye yega network, saka router inogona kutora yemukati traffic bhendi yekuenda kunze internet uye kuifambisa iyo kubva kune yako yemukati network kune yekunze network.
Joinha yakawanda wired kana isina waya netiweki pamwechete, zvichireva kuti zvinobatanidza netiweki seGate nzira inoita.
Vanodzokorora
Anodzokorora chishandiso chinoita kuti zvikwanise kupfuudza hurefu hwakareba hwakaisirwa neyakajairwa netiweki. Kuti zviitwe zvinowedzera uye zvinogadzirisazve chiratidzo chemagetsi.
o Iyo zvakare inokwanisa kuisa chikamu chinokundikana (yakavhurika Cable semuenzaniso) uye kugadzirisa maviri akasiyana Ethernet midhiya. (Semuenzaniso 10base2 yakananga 10BaseT). Uku kushandiswa kwekupedzisira iko zvino kuri iko kwekutanga.
DSLAM: Dhijitari Anyoresa Mutsara Kuwana Multiplexer
Icho chigadzirwa chemambure, chiri mukutsinhana kwenhare kwevanopa sevhisi
o Inobatanidza akawanda mutengi edhijitari anonyorera mitsara (DSLs) kune Imwe - Yakakwira - Yekumhanyisa Internet kumashure bhonzo mutsetse nekushandisa multiplexing matekinoroji.
Nekureva kweOSI - Layer Model, iyo DSLAM inoita senge hombe network switch, saka iko kushanda mutete 2, saka haigone kudzosera traffic pakati peakawanda IP network.
Modem
o Modulator / Demodulator: modem inoshandura (modulates) ruzivo rwemadhijitari kuva chiratidzo cheanalogog iyo inogona kutumirwa kuyambuka runhare. Inodzorawo chiratidzo cheanalogog chainogamuchira kubva parunhare, ichichinja ruzivo rwurimo muchiratidzo kuti rudzokere kudigital data.
PSTN (yeruzhinji yakachinja netiweki network)
o Ndiwo muunganidzwa wepasi rese wemasocial-akanangana neruzhinji-manzwi enharembozha, ese ari maviri ekutengesa uye ehurumende, zvinonziwo Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS). Ndihwo huwandu hwemasekisheni-achinja nhare mbozha dzakachinja kubva pamazuva aAlexander Graham Bell ("Doctor Watson, huya pano!"). Nhasi, ingangoita yedhijitari mune tekinoroji kunze kwekubatanidza kwekupedzisira kubva pakati (yemuno) hofisi yefoni kumushandisi.
o Zvichienderana neInternet, iyo PSTN chaizvo inopa yakawanda yeInternet kure-kure kwezvivako. Nekuti Internet vanopa rubatsiro ISPs vanobhadhara vanopa marefu marefu kuti vawane kune kwavo zvivakwa uye vagovane maseketi pakati pevazhinji vashandisi kuburikidza packet-kuchinja, vashandisi veInternet vanodzivirira kubhadhara mitero yekushandisa kune chero munhu asiri maIPs avo.
Broadband Internet kuwana
o Kazhinji inopfupikiswa ku "Broadband" chete, iri yakakwira data chiyero kubatanidza kune iyo Indaneti - Zvinowanzo siyaniswa nekuwana uchishandisa a 56k modem.
o Broadband inowanzodaidzwa kuti "kukwirira-kumhanya" kupinda paInternet, nekuti inowanzove ine huwandu hwepamusoro hwekufambisa dhata. Kazhinji, chero kubatana kune mutengi we256 Kbit / s (0.25 Mbit / s) kana mukuru kunoonekwa zvakapfupika kubhendi yeInternet kuwana.
DSL Pfungwa
DSL: mutsetse wedhijitari
o inomhanya-mhanya sevhisi yeInternet senge tambo yeInternet, DSL inopa yakakwira-mhanya network pamusoro peyese foni mitsara uchishandisa broadband tekinoroji, DSL tekinoroji inobvumidza Internet nhare sevhisi kuti ishande pamusoro peiyo imwecheteyo runhare pasina kuda kuti vatengi vatore izwi ravo kana Internet. kubatana.
o Pane mhando mbiri dzemaitiro eDSL
o Asymmetric: ADSL, RADSL, VDSL
o Yakaenzana: SDSL, HDSL, SHDSL
ADSL: asymmetric dijiti kunyorera mutsetse
o Inopa yakakwira zvishoma mitengo munzira yekudzika pane nzira yekumusoro
o ADSL inopatsanura bandwidth yeiyo yakakombama-vaviri tambo (imwe MHZ) kuita matatu mabhendi
o bhandi rekutanga pakati pe1 - 0 KHZ inoshandiswa kuitira nharembozha inoshandisa (25 KHZ) uye yasara inoshandiswa sebhendi rekuchengetedza kupatsanura izwi chiteshi kubva kune data chiteshi
o 2nd bhendi 25 - 200 KHZ
o Inoshandiswa pakukwidza kumusoro
o 3rd bhendi 200 - 1000 KHZ inoshandiswa pakutaurirana kwepasi
RADSL: chiyero chinoshanduka asymmetrical dhijitari kunyoresa mutsetse
o Tekinoroji yakanangana neADSL, inobvumidza akasiyana mareti mareti zvichienderana nerudzi rwekutaurirana wezwi, data, multimedia zvichingodaro
HDSL: yakakwira bit rate DSL
o HDSL inoshandisa 2 BIQ encoding iyo isingatapurirwe nekudzikiswa
o Dhata mwero ndeye 2 Mbps inogona kuwanikwa pasina vanodzokorora uye kusvika padanho re3.6 Km
o HDSL inoshandisa waya mbiri dzakamonyoroka kuti dziwane yakazara-duplex kutapurirana.
SDSL: symmetric DSL
o Zvakafanana neHDSL asi inoshandisa tambo imwechete yakamonana-vaviri
o SDSL inoshandisa echo kudzima kuti iite yakazara-duplex kufambisa
VDSL: yakanyanya kukwirisa mwero DSL
Zvakafanana neADSL
o Akashandisa coaxial, Optical fiber kana yakakomberedzwa tambo tambo pfupi pfupi (300m -1800m)
o Iyo modulation nzira iri DMT ine zvishoma chiyero che50 - 55 Mbps zasi kwerwizi uye 1.55 - 2.5 Mbps yekumusoro kwerwizi
o Kugadziridza Paramu
VPI uye VCI: Virtual Path Chitupa & Virtual Chiteshi Chinongedzo
o Inoshandiswa kuzivisa inotevera kwairi kuenda kuchitokisi sezvo ichipfuura natevedzana eATM switch inodzika munzira yayo kuenda kwayo kwairi kuenda
PPPoE: Nongedzera kunongedza protocol pamusoro peEthernet
o ipuratifomu protocol yekuvhara poindi kunongedza protocol (PPP) furemu mukati meEthernet Mafremu
o Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya neDSL masevhisi uko munhu wega mushandisi akajeka metro Ethernet network
MTU: Maximum Transmission Chikamu
o Mu network yemakomputa, izwi rekuti Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) rinoreva saizi (mumabheti) yePDU hombe iyo danho rakapihwa reprotocol yekutaurirana inogona kupfuura. MTU parameter inowanzoonekwa mukubatana neyekutaurirana interface (NIC, serial port, nezvimwewo). Iyo MTU inogona kugadziriswa nematanho (sezvazvakaita neEthernet) kana kusarudzwa panguva yekubatanidza (sezvazvinowanzoitika neinongedzo-kunongedzera serial link). Yakakwira MTU inounza kugona kukuru nekuti paseti yega yega inotakura yakawanda mushandisi data nepo protocol iri pamusoro, senge misoro kana kunonoka kwepakiti kunonoka kunogadziriswa, uye kugona kwepamusoro kunoreva kusimudzira kudiki mukuwandisa kweprotocol kubudikidza. Nekudaro, mapakeji mahombe anogona kutora chinononoka chinongedzo kwechinguva, zvichikonzera kunonoka kukuru kukutevera mapaketi uye kuwedzera lag uye kushoma kwekupedzisira. Semuenzaniso, 1500 byte packet, iyo hombe inobvumidzwa neEthernet pane network network (uye nekudaro yakawanda yeInternet), yaigona kusunga 14.4k modem kweinenge sekondi imwe chete.
LLC: Zvinonzwisisika Link Kudzora
Iyo Logical Link Kudzora (LLC) dhata yekutaurirana protocol rukoko ndiyo yepamusoro yepamusoro dhata reData Link Layer yakatsanangurwa mune manomwe-masara eOSI modhi (dura 2). Inopa kuwanda uye kuyerera kudzora nzira dzinoitisa kuti zvive nyore kune akati wandei mapuroteni (IP, IPX) kugarisana mukati me multipoint network uye kutakurwa pamusoro peiyo imwechete network midhiya.
Iyo LLC sub-layer inoshanda senge interface pakati peMedia Access Control (MAC) sub layer uye netiweki rukoko. Izvo zvakafanana kune akasiyana epanyama midhiya (senge Ethernet, chiratidzo mhete, uye WLAN
Shuwiro yakanaka,
