Kodi ma network ndi chiyani?
Kumasulira kosavuta kwa ma network
? zomwe zili pa intaneti
Ndi gulu la makompyuta ndi zida zina
Ena amalumikizana ndi anzawo kuti agawane chuma.
ndondomeko zamagetsi
Kulankhulana malamulo protocol ndi njira yosinthana zambiri mu netiweki
Ndi malamulo abungwe omwe ma netiweki amafunikira kuthandizira magawo ake osiyanasiyana
Kulankhulana ndi kumvetsetsana.
Miyezo
Ndizolemba zomwe zimalola kuti zizigwira ntchito
Mosasamala kanthu za fakitale yomwe idapanga,
Amagawidwa m'magulu awiri:
1 - zenizeni
2- woweruza
de facto (inde) miyezo:
Izi ndizomwe zidapangidwa
Ndi mabungwe azamalonda ndipo amagawidwa kukhala:
1- Tsegulani machitidwe.
2- Dongosolo latsekedwa.
Makina otsekedwa:
Ogwiritsa amakakamizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito zida kuchokera kwa wopanga kapena kampani imodzi yokha
Ndipo machitidwe awo sangathe kuthana ndi zida kuchokera kwa opanga ena (ndipo izi zinali zachilendo mwa ine
Makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu makumi asanu ndi atatu)
Tsegulani machitidwe:
Ndikukula ndi kufalikira kwa malonda amakompyuta, kunali kofunikira kutero
Kupeza miyezo yomwe imalola zida kuchokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana kuti amvetsetse
Pakatikati, amalola ogwiritsa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito zida kuchokera kumakampani ndi zinthu zambiri.
miyezo ya de jure (malinga ndi malamulo):
Izi ndizomwe zidapangidwa ndi mabungwe odziwika bwino
((zoyambira))
kukonza mzere
1- mitundu yambiri
Zida ziwiri zokha ndizolumikizidwa ndi kulumikizana.
2- kuloza-mpaka-kuloza
Zida zitatu kapena zambiri zimagawana njira yolumikizirana.
((maukonde topology))
Maonekedwe a netiweki:
1- Dziwani momwe makompyuta amalumikizirana
2- The (network topology) imafotokoza momwe zimachitikira
Lumikizani makompyuta, mawaya, ndi zinthu zina kuti mupange netiweki
3- Mawu akuti topology amatchedwanso thupi, kapangidwe
Njira zodziwika kwambiri zoperekera ndi:
1- mauna (
2- nyenyezi
3- mtengo (
4- basi ((basi))
5- mphete (
Tidzafotokozera njira iliyonse mwachidule.
1- mauna (
Amadziwika ndi kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pazida
Pali kulumikizana kwachindunji ndi chida chilichonse mu netiweki
Ubwino waukulu wazolakwitsa za histological ndikumveka bwino.
2- nyenyezi
Nyenyezi yanga idatchulidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake
Apa zingwe zonse zimadutsa kuchokera pamakompyuta kupita pakatikati
Mfundo yapakati imatchedwa likulu
Ntchito yake ndi kutumiza mauthenga kumakompyuta onse kapena pamakompyuta enaake
Titha kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ingapo pa netiweki iyi.
Ndikosavuta kusintha ndikuwonjezera kompyuta yatsopano popanda kusokoneza netiweki
Komanso, kulephera kwa kompyuta mu netiweki sikulepheretsa
Koma likulu likakhala pansi, netiweki yonse imakhala pansi.
Njira imeneyi imawononganso zingwe zambiri.
3- mtengo (
Amatchedwa choncho chifukwa cha nthambi zake zambiri
Apa titha kulumikiza ma network amtundu wa nyenyezi powonjezera malo ena
Umu ndi momwe maukonde amitengo amapangidwira
4- basi ((basi))
Amatchedwa choncho chifukwa ndi mzere wolunjika
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ocheperako komanso osavuta
Kupanga kwa netiweki iyi ndikulumikiza makompyuta motsatana ndi waya umodzi
Amatchedwa msana.
Waya samapereka chilimbikitso chilichonse pazizindikiro zomwe zimatumizidwa kuchokera pa kompyuta kupita kwina.
Mukamatumiza uthenga uliwonse kuchokera pa kompyuta iliyonse pa waya
Makompyuta ena onse amalandira chizindikirocho, koma ndi imodzi yokha yomwe imavomereza.
Kompyuta imodzi yokha ndiyo imaloledwa kutumiza nthawi yomweyo
Timaliza apa kuti kuchuluka kwa zida zake momwemo kumakhudzira kuthamanga kwake
Chimodzi mwa zida zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamaneti awa
omaliza
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutengera zizindikiro ndikuzilepheretsa kuti ziwonekenso.
5- mphete (
Amatchulidwa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, chifukwa timalumikiza zidazo mphete
Apa pa netiweki, kompyuta iliyonse imalumikizidwa ndi kompyuta yotsatira ngati mphete mbali imodzi
Kotero kuti kompyuta yomaliza imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kompyuta yoyamba
Kompyuta iliyonse imatumiza ndi kutumiza uthenga womwe imalandira
Kuchokera pa kompyuta yapitayi kupita pa kompyuta yotsatira
Ma network a mphete amagwiritsa ntchito chizindikirocho
Ndi uthenga wachidule womwe umadutsa pa netiweki kusamutsa zambiri kuchokera pakompyuta imodzi kupita kwina
Titha kupanga mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ,,,
Mwachitsanzo:
nyenyezi-basi
Mwa kulumikiza ma hubs angapo ndi chingwe cha basi
Njira yotumizira uthenga:
mode HIV
Njira yotumizira imagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokozera komwe magalimoto amayenda pakati pazida ziwiri
Pali mitundu itatu:
1- chosavuta- chosakwatiwa-
2- theka-duplex
3- duplex yathunthu
Tiyeni tifotokoze mtundu uliwonse padera.
1- chosavuta- chosakwatiwa-
Zambiri zimadutsa pakati pazida ziwirizi m'njira imodzi yokha
Monga kompyuta -–> chosindikiza
Sikani ——> Kompyuta
2- theka-duplex
Apa deta imadutsa mbali zonse ziwiri koma osati nthawi imodzi
Oyandikira kwambiri kwa inu ndi awa: ((Assali yomwe woyang'anira amagwiritsa ntchito - samatha kulankhula kapena kumva nthawi yomweyo))
3- duplex yathunthu
Zambiri zimayenda m'njira zonse ziwiri nthawi imodzi
Monga: ((Tidafufuza pa intaneti - timasanthula ndikutsitsa mapulogalamu ndikutumiza mayankho nthawi yomweyo))
((kuchuluka kwa ma netiweki))
Kutalika kwa bashkat kumagawidwa kukhala:
malo am'deralo
mzinda waukulu
lonse m'dera networ
malo am'deralo
M'mbuyomu, inkakhala ndi zida zochepa, mwina osapitirira khumi, zolumikizana
Imagwiranso ntchito m'malo ochepa monga ofesi kapena nyumba imodzi kapena nyumba zingapo zoyandikana
mzinda waukulu
Monga ukadaulo wakomweko, koma kuthamanga kwake ndikofulumira
Chifukwa imagwiritsa ntchito ulusi wamagetsi ngati cholumikizira
Imakhala ndi gawo lalikulu mpaka 100 km.
lonse m'dera networ
Lumikizani maukonde akumayiko osiyanasiyana
Amagawika magawo awiri:
1- malo ogwirira ntchito
Ulalowo ndi wa nthambi za kampani imodzi pamlingo wadziko kapena mayiko angapo
2- maukonde apadziko lonse lapansi
Nawa mabungwe angapo m'maiko angapo.
CHITSANZO CHA OSI
Tsegulani Mtundu Wosagwirizana
(Open Link System Reference Model)
OSI imagawira zochitika zosiyanasiyana zofunika ma netiweki m'magawo asanu ndi awiri osiyana ndi odziyimira pawokha
Gawo lililonse lili ndi zochitika zingapo zamaukonde, zida, kapena ma protocol
Tiyeni tiwone zigawo izi:
1- thupi
Chiyanjano cha 2-data
3- netiweki
4- zoyendera
5- gawo
6- chiwonetsero
7- kugwiritsa ntchito
Magawo atatu oyamba - operekedwa pakusamutsa ndikusinthana kwa ma bits ndi data -
Mzere wachinayi - umakhala ngati mawonekedwe pakati pamunsi ndi kumtunda
Magawo atatu apansi - operekedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi mapulogalamu -
Tiyeni tifotokoze mwachidule gawo lililonse:
1- thupi
gulu lakuthupi
Ili ndi udindo wofalitsa deta m'matumba
Mzerewu umatanthauzira mawonekedwe amakina ndi magetsi
Ndi chingwe ndi kirediti kadi, imaperekanso momwe mungalumikizirane pakati pa chingwe ndi kirediti kadi
Chiyanjano cha 2-data
ulalo wosanjikiza
Zimatsimikizira kukhulupirika kwa zomwe zatumizidwa
Mapaketi omwe amaperekedwa kwa iwo amalumikizidwa kuchokera koyambirira - thupi - wosanjikiza.
Imayang'anira kuyenda kwa deta ndikusinthanso zomwe zawonongeka
Malamulo ndi deta zimatumizidwa mwa mawonekedwe.
(chimango)
Mzerewu umagawaniza tsambalo kukhala mafelemu
Ndiye kuti, pogawa umboniwo m'magawo ang'onoang'ono, kuwonjezera mutu ndi mchira
(Mutu ndi Vouter)
3- network Mtanda wosanjikiza
Zoyambitsa kupanga njira pakati pa kompyuta yoyambira ndi kompyuta yomwe mukufuna
Odziwika potumiza mauthenga ndikumasulira ma adilesi ndi mayina
ku ma adilesi omwe netiweki imamvetsetsa
4- zoyendera
mayendedwe osanjikiza
Monga tanenera, ndi zomwe zimasiyanitsa magawo omwe akukumana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kuchokera pazoyang'ana ma netiweki
Ndiwosanjikiza yomwe imafalitsa deta ndipo imayambitsa mayendedwe ake opanda zolakwika
Imagawananso zomwe zidutsidwazi m'magawo ang'onoang'ono ndikuzisonkhanitsa mu chida cholandirira
Ili ndi udindo wodziwitsa chiphaso kuchokera pakompyuta yolandila kuti zomwe zatumizidwa zidalandiridwa popanda cholakwika
Mwachidule, zimagwira ntchito kuwonetsetsa kuti uthengawu waperekedwa wopanda zolakwika komanso molondola
5- gawo
Gulu Lokambirana
Mzerewu umakhazikitsa kulumikizana pakati pa makompyuta ndikuwunika kulumikizanaku komanso kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chotumizidwa
Ndipo onani mapasiwedi kulumikizana
Ikuwonjezeranso mfundo zolozera zomwe zatchulidwazi .. kuti deta izitumizidwa liti
Ma netiweki abwerera kuntchito kuchokera pomwe kufalitsa kudayimitsidwa.
6- chiwonetsero
Chiwonetsero cha ulaliki
Mzerewu umapanikiza, kusimba ndikusunga deta
7- kugwiritsa ntchito
Ntchito wosanjikiza
Ndi gulu lapamwamba
Amayang'anira kulumikizana pakati pamakompyuta
Zimathandizanso posamutsa mafayilo, ntchito yosindikiza, mwayi wopezeka pamtundu wachinsinsi
mitundu yama media
media ndi sing'anga yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsira ma sign
Itha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri:
1-kumenya
2- osadalira
((1)
Mtundu woyamba wagawika katatu:
Chingwe cha piano chopindika 1
Chingwe cha 2- coaxial
Chingwe cha 3- fiber-optic
Chingwe cha piano chopindika 1
chingwe chopindika
Zimagwiritsa ntchito zingwe zopitilira imodzi zamkuwa popereka ma siginolo
Lili ndi mitundu iwiri:
1- piar yopindika (UTP) l
Chingwe chopindika chopanda waya
Amakhala ndi mawaya angapo okhala ndi chivundikiro chosavuta cha pulasitiki
Imafika mtunda wa 100 metres.
Chingwe cha 2-shilded chopindika (STP)
Chishango chowonjezedwa apa ndi choyenera m'malo omwe pamafunika kusokonekera kwamagetsi
Koma zida zowonjezera zimapangitsa chingwe kukhala chachikulu, chovuta kusuntha kapena kusuntha.
Chingwe cha 2- coaxial
chingwe coaxial
Ili ndi waya wolimba pakati
Chozunguliridwa ndi kutchinjiriza kwamagetsi komwe kumalekanitsa ndi mpanda wachitsulo
Chifukwa ntchito ya mpanda uwu imagwira ntchito ngati magetsi, ndipo imateteza pakatikati pamagetsi
Lili ndi mitundu iwiri:
malata
nkhungu
Chingwe cha 3- fiber-optic
CHIKWANGWANI chamawonedwe chingwe
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsira ma sign a kuwala
Amakhala ndi silinda yamagalasi yozunguliridwa ndigalasi lolimba
Imafika pamtunda wa 2 km
Koma ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri
Kuthamanga kwakanthawi kumachokera ku ma megabyte 100 pamphindikati mpaka magigabytes awiri pamphindikati
((2- osatsogozedwa))
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutumiza ma siginolo pamtunda wautali komanso wautali kwambiri
Nthawi zambiri imakhala yotsika mtengo
Amakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kabling sikuthandiza
M'mayendedwe, monga njira zam'madzi..kapena madera akutali..kapena malo olimba
(mayikirowevu)
mayikirowevu
Tumizani ma microwave ndi ma satellite
Molunjika, motero, zimafunikira ma transmitter kuti azikonzanso mozungulira padziko lapansi.
Ma siteshoni amalimbitsa ma siginolo kenako ndikuwapatsira.
Koma apa takambirana mavuto angapo omwe timawatcha
Kuwonongeka kwa magwiritsidwe
Zitsanzo zake:
1- kuchepetsa
Imataya mphamvu.
Cholinga chake ndikupitilira kufalitsa chizindikirocho kudzera pachingwe chamkuwa
2- kusokoneza kwa chizindikiro
Ndikusintha kwa mawonekedwe a chizindikirocho kapena zigawo zake komanso chifukwa chake
Zigawo zazizindikiro zimafika pa liwiro losiyana chifukwa chigawo chilichonse chimakhala ndi ma frequency osiyanasiyana.
3- Phokoso
A- Kuchokera pagwero lamkati:
Ndi kupezeka kwa chizindikiro cham'mbuyomu mu chingwe chomwe chimatulutsa mbendera yatsopano yomwe imasiyana ndi siginecha yoyamba
b- Kuchokera kwina (crosstalk) yakunja
Ndi chizindikiro chamagetsi chochokera ku waya woyandikana nawo.
Networking Simplified - Mau oyamba a Protocol
