Hoʻomaʻalahi ʻia ka launa pūnaewele - Hoʻolauna i nā Pūnaewele

Ka Hōʻawi Kuleana Hoʻouna / Protocol Internet Protocol (TCP / IP) waiwai
Kēia Hola Pūnaewele mea he hae a me ka hooiaio ulana pukapuka, Hola Pūnaewele
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻōnaehana no nā pūnaewele hou a me nā pūnaewele nui i kākoʻo iā TCP / IP.
ʻO ia ka mea nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele a me ka leka uila
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻina kamaʻilio ma o (TCP / IP) i ʻehā mau papa, a me kēlā me kēia papa o lākou
Hana ʻoe i kahi hana kikoʻī.

Nā Papahana Kawaihae (TCP / IP)
TCP / IP -LAYERS

1- PALAPALA PALAPALA

((HTTP, FTP))

2-layer transport (TRANSPORT LAYER)

((TCP, UDP))

3- PALAPALA INTERNET

((IP, ICMP, IGMP, ARP))

4- KA LĀINA NETWORK INTERFACE LAYER

((ATM, ethernet))

Hoʻokaʻawale wehewehe.

1- PALAPALA PALAPALA

Aia ka papa o ka polokalamu ma ka pae kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka TCP / IP protocol suite
Loaʻa iā ia nā noi āpau a me nā pono e hiki ai i ke kiʻi pūnaewele.
Hana nā kuʻina i kēia papa i ka hana o ka hoʻomaka ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻike o ka mea hoʻohana
ʻO nā laʻana o nā kaʻina hana:

A- Palapala Hoʻolilo Hypertext

a me kāna pōkole (HTTP).
Hoʻohana ʻia ka protocol HTTP e hoʻolilo i nā faila i hana ʻia e nā pūnaewele a me nā ʻaoʻao Pūnaewele, e like me nā ʻaoʻao HTML.

b- Pūnaewele Hoolilo Kōnae

pōkole (FTP)
Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hoʻolilo i nā faila ma o ka pūnaewele.

2-layer transport (TRANSPORT LAYER)

Hāʻawi kēia papa i ka hiki ke noi a hōʻoia i ka kamaʻilio (ma waena o nā hāmeʻa e pili ana kekahi i kekahi).
Ma waena o kāna mau laʻana:

A- Ke kaʻina hoʻokele hoʻoili

pōkole (TCP)

He kuʻina hana e hōʻoia i ka hiki ʻana mai o ka transmitter
He ʻano pilina ia a pono e hana i kahi kau ma mua o ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻikepili ma waena o nā kamepiula.
Mālama pū ʻia hoʻi ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili ma ke ʻano pololei a me ke ʻano, no ka mea, koi ʻia kahi hoʻolaha (Hoʻomaikaʻi) mai kahi mākaʻikaʻi.
Inā ʻaʻole hiki mai ka ʻikepili, hoʻouna hou ʻo TCP iā ia, a inā loaʻa, lawe ʻia ka palapala (Acknowledgment) a hana
E hoʻouna i ka pūʻulu aʻe a pēlā aku ....

B- Pūnaewele Datagram hoʻohana

pōkole (UDP)

ʻO kēia protocol o ke ʻano Noconnection-Based
((nā pilina)) ke ʻano:
Pili pili pono ʻole
- ʻAʻole hana i kahi kau ma waena o nā kamepiula i ka wā o ka pili
ʻAʻole ia e hōʻoia e loaʻa ka ʻikepili e like me ka mea i hoʻouna ʻia

I ka pōkole, ʻo ia ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o TCP.
Eia nō naʻe, he maikaʻi kēia protocol e hoʻohana pono ʻia i kekahi mau hihia
E like me ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻikepili pūʻulu lehulehu
A i ka wā e pono ai ka wikiwiki. (Akā ʻo ka wikiwiki me ka ʻole o ka lawe ʻana!)
Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hoʻolilo multimedia like me ka leo, wikiō
No ka mea he pāpāho ia e koi ʻole i ka pololei i ke kiʻi ʻana.
He maikaʻi loa a wikiwiki hoʻi ia i ka hana

ʻO kekahi o nā kumu nui i alakaʻi i ka hana ʻana o ka UDP protocol
ʻO ka lawe ʻana ma o kēia kaola pono i kahi ukana a me ka manawa liʻiliʻi wale nō
(Ma muli o nā ʻeke UDP - ʻaʻohe o UDP Datagram i nā ʻikepili āpau i ʻōlelo ʻia me ka protocol TCP e nānā i ka lawe ʻana.
Mai kēia mau mea āpau hiki iā mākou ke hōʻemi i ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai ka kamaʻilio ʻole hōʻoia.

3- PALAPALA INTERNET

ʻO kēia papa ke kuleana no ka wahī ʻana i nā pūʻolo i nā ʻikepili ʻikepili (ʻōpala).
Ke kuhikuhi ʻana a me ka kamaʻilio ʻana

Aia i kēia ʻāpana nā kaʻina hana ʻehā:

A- Pūnaewele Pūnaewele -IP

b- Palapala Hoʻoholo Hoʻoholo Kūkā -ARP

C- Pūnaewele Mana Mana Mana Pūnaewele (ICMP)

D- Pūnaewele hoʻokele Pūnaewele Pūnaewele - IGMP

E wehewehe i kēlā me kēia kaʻina i kahi ala maʻalahi:

A- Pūnaewele Pūnaewele -IP

ʻO ia kekahi o nā kuʻina nui loa no ka mea aia kahi mea kamaʻilio e hoʻohana ʻia e hāʻawi i kēlā me kēia kamepiula ma ka pūnaewele i kāna helu ponoʻī.
Kāhea ʻia he IP address, a he helu ʻokoʻa ia i ka ʻole o ka like i ka pūnaewele pūnaewele
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka IP e:

Ke hoʻokele nei
Pūʻolo

Ke nānā nei ke ala ʻana i ka helu wahi ma ka pūʻolo a ʻae iā ia e holoholo ma o ka pūnaewele.
He wā paʻa ko kēia ʻae (TIME TO LIVE). Inā pau kēia manawa, e hoʻoheheʻe kēlā packet a ʻaʻole e hoʻonāukiuki hou i loko o ka pūnaewele.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka wāwahi a me ka repacking
Hoʻohana ʻia ia e synthesize i kekahi ʻano o nā pūnaewele like me Token Ring a me Ethernet
Ma muli o ka like o ka hōʻailona me ka hiki i ka lawe ʻana i nā hōʻailona, ​​pono e wāwahi ʻia a laila hui hou.

b- Palapala Hoʻoholo Hoʻoholo Kūkā -ARP

He kuleana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka IP address a me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi e hoʻohana ai i ka MAC address i ka pūnaewele no Destination
Ke loaʻa ka noi i ka IP e hoʻohui i kahi kamepiula, hele koke ia i ka lawelawe ARP a nīnau e pili ana i kahi o kēia kamaʻilio ma ka pūnaewele.
A laila ʻimi ka Hola Hola Pūnaewele i ka helu i kona hoʻomanaʻo, a inā loaʻa ia, hāʻawi ia i kahi palapala ʻāina kūpono o ka helu wahi
Inā mamao ke kamepiula (i kahi pūnaewele mamao), kuhikuhi ka ARP i ka IP i ka ROUTER nalu kamaʻilio.
A laila hāʻawi kēia router i ka noi iā ARP e ʻike i ka helu MAC o ka helu IP.

4- KA LĀINA NETWORK INTERFACE LAYER

He kuleana no ke kau ʻana i ka ʻikepili e hoʻouna ʻia ma waenakonu o ka pūnaewele (NETWORK MEDIUM)
A ke loaʻa nei iā ia mai ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokipa ʻĀpana
Loaʻa iā ia nā hāmeʻa āpau a me nā pilina no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā hāmeʻa i ka pūnaewele, e like me:
Uea, nā mea hoʻopili, nā kāleka pūnaewele.
Aia i loko o kēlā me kēia nā kaʻina hana e wehewehe ai pehea e hoʻouna ai i ka ʻikepili ma ka pūnaewele, e like me:
-ATM
-Ethernet
-Ke Kani Kaulana

((Nā helu Aʻe))

Ma hope o kā mākou aʻo ʻana i ka polokalamu (nā papa TCP / IP)
Hiki i nā hāmeʻa i ka pūnaewele ke loaʻa ma mua o hoʻokahi papahana (noi).
Hoʻohui ʻia i hoʻokahi a i ʻole nā ​​papahana ʻē aʻe a ma nā helu o nā hāmeʻa ʻē aʻe i ka manawa like.
I mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai ʻo TCP / IP ma waena o kekahi papahana a me kekahi, pono ia e hoʻohana i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Port.

Ka ʻike pōkole e pili ana i ke awa
He helu ia e hōʻike a hōʻike paha i ka papahana ma ka pūnaewele.
A ua wehewehe ʻia ma TCP a i ʻole ma UDP
ʻO ka waiwai o nā helu i hāʻawi ʻia i ke awa mai nā 0 (zero) a i nā helu 65535
Aia pū kekahi mau awa i mālama ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻia e nā polokalamu kaulana a i ʻole nā ​​noi, e like me:
Nā polokalamu FTP ʻO ka protocol hoʻoili ʻikepili e hoʻohana i ka port 20 a i ʻole 21
Nā polokalamu HTTP kahi e hoʻohana ai ka port 80.